tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36756914347584464272024-02-06T19:04:24.906-08:00KOLEKSI TUGASANno namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comBlogger240125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-15236252201086671532013-10-25T22:15:00.001-07:002013-10-25T22:15:34.700-07:00TEMPAT PEMBIAKAN, PENYAKIT DAN CARA PENCEGAHAN<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><b><font size="4">Spesies nyamuk</font></b></p> <p><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><b><font size="4">Penyakit yang dibawa</font></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">Nyamuk anopheles sp</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">· Malaria</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Bancroftian filariasis</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Burgian filariasis</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Viral encephalitis</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">Nyamuk aedes sp</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">· Bancroftian filariasis</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Yellow fever</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Dengue</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Chikungunya</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">Nyamuk mansonia sp</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">· Brugian filariasis</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Bancroftian filariasis</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">Nyamuk culex sp</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">· Bancroftian filariasis</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Japanese encephalitis</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><b><font size="4">Spesies nyamuk</font></b></p> <p><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><b><font size="4">Tempat membiak</font></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">Nyamuk anopheles sp</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">· Pools</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Paya</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Parit</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Sawah</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">Nyamuk aedes sp</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">· Air bertakung dalam lubang pokok</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Tempurung kelapa</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Tin-tin lama</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Pasu bunga</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">Nyamuk mansonia sp</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">· Sawah padi</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Paya</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Swamp grass</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">Nyamuk culex sp</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="319"> <p><font size="4">· Tandas</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Di kawasan air-air kotor</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><font size="4"></font></p> <p><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-iqfO3x7Gr68/UmtPpxepB5I/AAAAAAAAKuQ/h4EpPVjJXNI/s1600-h/image%25255B2%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-iqfO3x7Gr68/UmtPpxepB5I/AAAAAAAAKuY/NGfnnBsksbs/s1600-h/image%25255B6%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-EFODHwKMbnc/UmtPzkpvwlI/AAAAAAAAKug/bo4WgrQCdek/image_thumb%25255B2%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="478" height="600" /></a></font></a></p> <p><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-g1Eq4uMfizw/UmtP2On7XcI/AAAAAAAAKuo/8Cz4Ur8JH_I/s1600-h/image%25255B5%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-g1Eq4uMfizw/UmtP2On7XcI/AAAAAAAAKuw/tPVmmfJZQDw/s1600-h/image%25255B7%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-UEdLD1fQIlI/UmtP9FegrzI/AAAAAAAAKu4/gLv3ukvXt-s/image_thumb%25255B3%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="482" height="384" /></a></font></a></p> <p><font size="4"> </font></p> <p><font size="4"></font></p> <p><font size="4"></font></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-90195567952848609002013-10-25T22:11:00.001-07:002013-10-25T22:11:34.331-07:00Nyamuk mansonia<div align="justify"> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="109"> <p><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p><b><font size="4">Peringkat</font></b></p> <p><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="216"> <p><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p><b><font size="4">gambar</font></b></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="313"> <p><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p><b><font size="4">Cirri-ciri</font></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="109"> <p><font size="4">Telur</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="216"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Ql2NMUcKHuM/UmtO5K7XmnI/AAAAAAAAKs8/xf6GMuoJzlw/s1600-h/image%25255B2%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-VLIgWAj3BbY/UmtO6eUNE2I/AAAAAAAAKtE/pM9jRcaKJGo/image_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="196" height="187" /></a></td> <td valign="top" width="313"> <p><font size="4">· Dark brown / blackish / cylindrical</font></p> <p><font size="4">·Berada dibawah permukaan daun/tumbuhan</font></p> <p><font size="4">·Berbentuk spindle, menirus di hujung</font></p> <p><font size="4">·Berbentuk spine bagi memudahkan ia melekat pada tumbuhan</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Tersusun dalam bentuk rosette</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="109"> <p><font size="4">Larva</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="216"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-6P_Yhv5Hhug/UmtO7udnQhI/AAAAAAAAKtM/J6Z8MznPDDo/s1600-h/image%25255B5%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-JQGLMmMERxQ/UmtO8tBTuYI/AAAAAAAAKtU/XQ6fW2UdTCI/image_thumb%25255B1%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="196" height="181" /></a></td> <td valign="top" width="313"> <p><font size="4">· Mempunyai sifon yang pendek</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Sifon bentuk kon yang tajam, bergerigi di hujung</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Tiada gigi pekten</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Sepasang comb teeth</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="109"> <p><font size="4">Pupa</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="216"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-mwVRsE8RUeA/UmtO9l4kt_I/AAAAAAAAKtc/Cg1y1wFR5yU/s1600-h/image%25255B8%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-bz6C5L9wIWs/UmtO-hxdM_I/AAAAAAAAKtk/4qKgvQoG_Ks/image_thumb%25255B2%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="202" height="169" /></a></td> <td valign="top" width="313"> <p><font size="4">· Mempunyai trumpet yang panjang dan bergerigi</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="109"> <p><font size="4">Nyamuk dewasa</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="216"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-KG4Sbpa59cc/UmtO_uhFKQI/AAAAAAAAKts/KJ9evcCVkls/s1600-h/image%25255B11%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-V2_Qw3TPCYM/UmtPBBowovI/AAAAAAAAKt0/q9gRz3FPU_Y/image_thumb%25255B3%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="207" height="193" /></a></td> <td valign="top" width="313"> <p><font size="4">· Sayap kaki dan badan dilitupi susunan warna gelap </font></p> <p><font size="4">·Memberikan dusty appearance</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-12611841467814367692013-10-25T22:10:00.001-07:002013-10-25T22:10:17.928-07:00Nyamuk culex<div align="justify"> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="105"> <p><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p><b><font size="4">Peringkat</font></b></p> <p><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="220"> <p><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p><b><font size="4">gambar</font></b></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="313"> <p><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p><b><font size="4">Cirri-ciri</font></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="105"> <p><font size="4">Telur</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="220"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-WHYIVDYIlbk/UmtOkbfYNnI/AAAAAAAAKr8/Zoz_WM9ayAM/s1600-h/image%25255B2%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-7gnkMOJQBbo/UmtOmKtrq2I/AAAAAAAAKsE/U_UsPtgEUVo/image_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="208" height="173" /></a></td> <td valign="top" width="313"> <p><font size="4">· Bergabung satu sama lain disebabkan tekanan pemukaan air</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Bentuk silinder dan panjang</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Warna coklat</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Berbentuk rakit</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="105"> <p><font size="4">Larva</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="220"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-zt67gFbl7OU/UmtOnqQUxeI/AAAAAAAAKsM/jbQ1fUZYDmU/s1600-h/image%25255B5%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-SUIOv7r-PsE/UmtOos5FBdI/AAAAAAAAKsU/LaOgaIUxD0s/image_thumb%25255B1%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="213" height="167" /></a></td> <td valign="top" width="313"> <p><font size="4">· Mempunyai beberapa baris comb teeth</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Terdapat sebaris gigi pekten</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Mempunyai sifon yang panjang dan sempit</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Mempunyai anal gills</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Mempunyai lebih 1 pasang subventral tuft hair pada sifon</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="105"> <p><font size="4">Pupa</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="220"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-OldIJNB8sQ0/UmtOpk1WdmI/AAAAAAAAKsc/9unzNl2xR_U/s1600-h/image%25255B8%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-20nk3hfpvVE/UmtOqzfsJmI/AAAAAAAAKsk/BPJH0ZUIMTU/image_thumb%25255B2%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="213" height="161" /></a></td> <td valign="top" width="313"> <p><font size="4">· Berbentuk koma</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Trumpet udara yang kecil, memanjang, dan sempit </font></p> <p><font size="4">· Segmen 2-7 tiada spines walaupun mempunyai banyak satae</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="105"> <p><font size="4">Nyamuk dewasa</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="220"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-PqSjsqxGyrA/UmtOsGN8GWI/AAAAAAAAKss/rjXAVgE9oaI/s1600-h/image%25255B11%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-50gm5mqLfsM/UmtOtwXLYGI/AAAAAAAAKs0/EGjXfmDc3R8/image_thumb%25255B3%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="213" height="221" /></a></td> <td valign="top" width="313"> <p><font size="4">· Thorax kaki dan sayap berwarna pudar, coklat dan bersisik</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Abdomen diliputi dengan sisik coklat dan hitam, kadang kala warna putih juga hadir</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Tidak membentuk sudut proboscis dan badan berada dalam 2 paksi</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-9932807595903659112013-10-25T22:08:00.001-07:002013-10-25T22:08:53.589-07:00Nyamuk aedes<div align="justify"> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="205"> <p><font size="4"><strong></strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>Peringkat</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong></strong></font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="384"> <p><font size="4"><strong></strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>Ciri-ciri</strong></font></p> </td> <td><font size="4"><strong></strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="205"> <p><font size="4"><strong>Telur</strong></font></p> <p><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-LqLKs1rEdyM/UmtNRZtiQ6I/AAAAAAAAKms/x3vnzgP2fDo/s1600-h/image%25255B2%25255D.png"><font size="4"><strong><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlh-AfTrhZzrUb0mgydwA8wiVxE-T9aqjns4Mrwb-zbAkX5ubi14iFDMPP0h915ujNTRUZWP7g3wEoaaDITYmBFqI7BL8eXUAYQb9yJDko-NKrIoU4N5LmYhdf2ll2tQ2iM-14eRfByso/?imgmax=800" width="244" height="154" /></strong></font></a></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="384"> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Warna hitam</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Berbentuk lonjong</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Mempunyai corak mosaic pada telur</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Tidak mempunyai pelampung</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Diletak satu persatu pada permukaan air</strong></font></p> </td> <td><font size="4"><strong></strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="205"> <p><font size="4"><strong>Larva</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong></strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong> </strong></font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="384"> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Sifon yang gemuk dan pendek</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Sepasang tuft hair</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Sebaris gigi pekten</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Segmen ke-8, terdapat comb teeth</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Berehat pada kedudukan bersudut permukaan air</strong></font></p> <p><u><font size="4"><strong>Aedes aegypti:</strong></font></u></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Spine di tapak bulu pleural berakhir dengan 1 runcing</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Comb teeth mempunyai lateral denticle</strong></font></p> <p><u><font size="4"><strong>Aedes albopictus:</strong></font></u></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Spine di tapak bulu pleural berakhir dengan beberapa runcing</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Comb teeth tiada lateral denticle</strong></font></p> </td> <td><font size="4"><strong></strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font size="4"><strong></strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="205"> <p><font size="4"><strong>Pupa</strong></font></p> <p><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-njoqNp22SGQ/UmtNUwMX-SI/AAAAAAAAKm8/5Du1YYcbGgU/s1600-h/image%25255B9%25255D.png"><font size="4"><strong><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-DgutpaNJYYc/UmtNXLCz8NI/AAAAAAAAKnE/Pm3ZPnI3LGY/image_thumb%25255B2%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="199" /></strong></font></a></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="384"> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Berbentuk koma seperti nyamuk lain</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Mempunyai trumpet udara</strong></font></p> <p><font size="4"><strong>· Kecil dan memanjang seperti pupa nyamuk culex</strong></font></p> </td> <td><font size="4"><strong></strong></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="205"> <p><font size="4"><strong>Nyamuk dewasa</strong></font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="384"> <p><font size="4">· Corak nyata pada toraks</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Dibentuk sisik bewarna hitam putih atau keperakan</font></p> <p><b><u><font size="4"></font></u></b></p> <p><b><u><font size="4">Aedes aegypti:</font></u></b></p> <p><font size="4">· Toraks dengan sisik putih yang membentuk lekuk seperti sabit</font></p> <p><b><u><font size="4">Aedes albopictus:</font></u></b></p> <p><font size="4">· Toraks sisik putih yang memberi garis longitudinal</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Bahagian kaki: lingkaran hitam putih</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Sisik pada vena sayap sempit dan bewarna hitam</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Abdomen dilitupi sisik bewarna hitam putih membentuk corak istimewa</font></p> <p><font size="4">· Hujung abdomen nyamuk betina adalah tajam</font></p> </td> <td><font size="4"></font></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">Aedes aegypti:</font></u></b></p> <div align="justify"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="400"><tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-zcKYi9FgKIA/UmtNYjsOb2I/AAAAAAAAKnM/axqBuKLg3fM/s1600-h/image%25255B12%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-SAe-LsH3uAY/UmtNZ0ClUDI/AAAAAAAAKnU/LqrgExJrE_s/image_thumb%25255B3%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="212" /></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-hyEsssg4FlU/UmtNbkUFBGI/AAAAAAAAKnc/sPyiBGMKXX8/s1600-h/image%25255B72%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-_g1YFfSW8kY/UmtNc0rTbHI/AAAAAAAAKnk/B-eBc_eNa0o/image_thumb%25255B27%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="174" height="212" /></font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-8ciWttF_lAg/UmtNeg3WLQI/AAAAAAAAKns/RQR1e5ahDCI/s1600-h/image%25255B18%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-NdDfTJSB9X8/UmtNgNITpDI/AAAAAAAAKn0/YzF8WOXArY0/image_thumb%25255B5%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="188" /></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-daj3JxiYwXM/UmtNh0_r9xI/AAAAAAAAKn8/AC71fNaJ_uo/s1600-h/image%25255B73%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-InAbQlTbOr8/UmtNjKGbUdI/AAAAAAAAKoE/SF4Jv3CsFZU/image_thumb%25255B28%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="226" height="188" /></font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-KrDziK9nSvw/UmtNkgYxmRI/AAAAAAAAKoM/go5jGqzxOsM/s1600-h/image%25255B27%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-oRDrTs3zbcE/UmtNmLMxsyI/AAAAAAAAKoU/nXdzxT9yWg8/image_thumb%25255B8%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="199" /></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-itP78U_mEOA/UmtNnzGvZwI/AAAAAAAAKoc/BU3iI4IE-hE/s1600-h/image%25255B24%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-fWQTt-x3OXc/UmtNpvzWxBI/AAAAAAAAKok/Nmb85z-oG-c/image_thumb%25255B7%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="199" /></font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Z7IgGf_ewYA/UmtNrLUrubI/AAAAAAAAKos/8bVhwt5VSLI/s1600-h/image%25255B30%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-x2I70C0ncAs/UmtNsOihVtI/AAAAAAAAKo0/b-lnrAFlkMA/image_thumb%25255B9%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="227" height="244" /></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-VKGQ4HEheNw/UmtNuxUqr0I/AAAAAAAAKo8/2ApaQrgDMOI/s1600-h/image%25255B33%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-2hWMtnuXio0/UmtNwrKdlWI/AAAAAAAAKpE/eHzfEVysnaQ/image_thumb%25255B10%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="208" height="244" /></font></a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">Aedes albopictus:</font></u></b></p> <div align="justify"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="400"><tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-QA9qxcOKHjI/UmtNyUOgQjI/AAAAAAAAKpM/TfCh8bjpTwg/s1600-h/image%25255B36%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/--ksVhYp0F7A/UmtN0OVkFJI/AAAAAAAAKpU/n1jE1XAgbEA/image_thumb%25255B11%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="197" /></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-UMZuzcFjM44/UmtN2I0ECRI/AAAAAAAAKpc/ZVy9oil8vcA/s1600-h/image%25255B71%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-FccPi3fN84I/UmtN3erSqwI/AAAAAAAAKpk/pBfj4xHMtT4/image_thumb%25255B26%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="211" height="195" /></font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ZYZSbW6Lnh8/UmtN5LulY0I/AAAAAAAAKps/ClYI3kS8f-U/s1600-h/image%25255B42%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-AKACOHZYhc0/UmtN6_5-vDI/AAAAAAAAKp0/aLiweXAWLA4/image_thumb%25255B13%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="211" /></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-h-LD7YKWqAA/UmtN8ooNlwI/AAAAAAAAKp8/XNR-2DKugNQ/s1600-h/image%25255B70%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-fhEGshN1oHc/UmtN-YIo4KI/AAAAAAAAKqE/IOND6I8PTPw/image_thumb%25255B25%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="211" height="209" /></font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-exdctTvAXc4/UmtOArYk_aI/AAAAAAAAKqM/crj_mwz98rw/s1600-h/image%25255B48%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-XxLnaElzpz8/UmtOCHKzSFI/AAAAAAAAKqU/y_4JCjLfvdo/image_thumb%25255B15%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="205" /></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3XwqE8fHaMOO50eMTTUq1LOPQtwknSolEEt5KAQIpHB-WwcR1L1WQvCWA_cAXneuQrQs7S6FoaH8LQtkgHqAK3s80udLVGPfrBwWZ1hhamEeuAnyV5kYJa9ctjmilYBcAVLl6DHCIqwo/s1600-h/image%25255B69%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-fhfdJW2XxQ0/UmtOE4qPSpI/AAAAAAAAKqk/PNAw3eoHwLA/image_thumb%25255B24%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="215" height="206" /></font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Ztk03AhTe54/UmtOGQ47gFI/AAAAAAAAKqs/Xhz1XNNrIAk/s1600-h/image%25255B68%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-GWCzRqeE9RU/UmtOHqoNgJI/AAAAAAAAKq0/oU7umxMFA-c/image_thumb%25255B23%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="214" height="178" /></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-XbLdVFqDkFs/UmtOJKVwzlI/AAAAAAAAKq8/KnYlUzGbWY8/s1600-h/image%25255B57%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-do_AFaq6Tv8/UmtOK_jLHEI/AAAAAAAAKrE/QTdFIhFf-TM/image_thumb%25255B18%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="183" /></font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Z8mIO6gaU5s/UmtOM-uIPbI/AAAAAAAAKrM/N4667ltITpE/s1600-h/image%25255B67%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-kruE2KBrWhk/UmtOO92I1HI/AAAAAAAAKrU/OKvUylfv-pw/image_thumb%25255B22%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="209" height="215" /></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-SR0-v6iySpU/UmtORHgpRkI/AAAAAAAAKrc/bXp8VZlfhis/s1600-h/image%25255B63%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-H1TJKjzms38/UmtOTRGid7I/AAAAAAAAKrk/O7rGVASB_Kg/image_thumb%25255B20%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="218" /></font></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-C_boDiaIgMs/UmtOXH9desI/AAAAAAAAKrs/OU0VGYq4stM/s1600-h/image%25255B66%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-NfZXkueKV00/UmtOYmp6mMI/AAAAAAAAKr0/SqgBalmSb0Q/image_thumb%25255B21%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="122" /></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><font size="4"></font></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-90444497558371130852013-10-25T21:55:00.001-07:002013-10-25T21:55:14.118-07:00Filariasis<p align="justify"><font size="4">Disebabkan oleh jangkitan cacing filaria</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">HUMAN FILARIASIS:</font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-60OTNRZZ1Lw/UmtLFnllZoI/AAAAAAAAKlw/mNNXkKr8XJI/s1600-h/image%25255B3%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-3s9mk2nSc60/UmtLGwlVvkI/AAAAAAAAKl4/s4TAWlswemM/image_thumb%25255B1%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="501" height="192" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Limfatik filariasis menyebabkan infeksi pada bahagian lymph nodes. Inflamasi ini pula ditambah dengan bilangan cacing dewasa yang mati, dimana menyebabkan saluran lymph tersumbat. Disebabkan pengurangan cecair lymph yang mengalir, maka pengumpulan akan berlaku dan menyebabkan pembengkakkan.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Kehadiran bacteria atau kulat jangkitan di kawasan terjejas menyebabkan penebalan dan pengerasan kulit, mengakibatkan "untut", yang menyakitkan dan mencacatkan ia selalunya boleh membawa kepada pemulauan daripada masyarakat pesakit.</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">HABITAT:</font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Cacing tersebut hidup dalam kelenjar atau saluran limfa</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Microfilaria yang bersarung terdapat dalam darah</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">VECTOR YANG TERLIBAT:</font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Nyamuk Culex</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Nyamuk Mansonia</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-GkrPk4wzdlQ/UmtLI6xW8WI/AAAAAAAAKmA/KwKCeDHpGrA/s1600-h/image%25255B10%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-tU5qajm_xcE/UmtLL-APSKI/AAAAAAAAKmI/8TwopoHCD7c/image_thumb%25255B6%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="515" height="669" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">KITAR HIDUP:</font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">* Larva peringkat ketiga akan memasuki kulit manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk culex yang terinfeksi dan kemudiannya akan memasuki salur limfatik, menjadi matang dan hasilkan microfilaria. Microfilaria akan memasuki salur darah dan diambil oleh nyamuk ketika ia menggigit manusia.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Microfilaria akan masuk ke perut nyamuk, dan akan menanggalkan sarungnya dalam masa 2-6 jam, menembusi dinding nyamuk dan memasuki otot toraks.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">* Selepas 2 hari, ia akan bertukar menjadi larva peringkat pertama.dalam masa seminggu ia akan bersalin kulit sebanyak 1 atau 2 kali, dan seminggu kemudian ia akan menjadi larva peringkat ke-3 yang infektif</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Kemudiannya, ia akan masuk ke proboscis nyamuk dan bersedia untuk memasuki ke manusia yang seterusnya apabila digigit oleh nyamuk ini.</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">SIMPTOM:</font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Elefentiasis</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Radang kemerahan</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Demam</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Kesejukan</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Pening kepala</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Hematuria, hidrocele, chyocele, dan chyluria boleh hadir pada kes yang kronik</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">DIAGNOSIS MAKMAL UNTUK LIMFATIK FILARIASIS</font></u></b><b><u> <br /></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4"></font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Terdapat beberapa cara diagnosis makmal untuk mengesan infeksi limfatik filariasis dalam peredaran darah manusia. Antaranya ialah:</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"><u>Teknik Parasitology</u></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Smear Darah (Tebal dan nipis)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Mikrokapilari</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Knott</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Membrane Nucleopor</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><b><u>Teknik Serology / Imunology</u></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Polymerase Chain Reaction Test (PCR)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Ultrasonography</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*ELISA</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Indirect fluorescent antibody</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"><u></u></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"><u>Teknik Histopathology</u></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Skin Biopsy</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><b><u>Staining Yang Digunakan</u></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Giemsa</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Hematoxylin</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-82220027481057475622013-10-25T21:47:00.001-07:002013-10-25T21:47:58.162-07:00Malaria<p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">Malaria merupakan satu penyakit yang tersebar secara meluas oleh nyamuk Anopheles betina, terutamanya di kawasan pedalaman dan kawasan-kawasan yang terdapatnya takungan- takungan air secara meluas. Nyamuk ini memerlukan sel-sel darah merah yang kaya dengan protein dan hemoglobin untuk bertelur. Semasa ia menghisap darah dari manusia, parasit Plasmodium yang berada di kelenjar air liur nyamuk itu akan memasuki kitaran darah mangsa sebelum bergerak ke sel-sel hati untuk berkembang dan membiak. Ketika ini mangsa mungkin tidak tahu dirinya sudah dijangkiti parasit berkenaan sehinggalah kira-kira satu atau dua minggu kemudian apabila tanda-tanda penyakit malaria mulai kelihatan. Antara tanda- tanda yang biasa dihadapi oleh pesakit ialah demam, </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menggeletar&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">menggeletar</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4">, </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthralgia&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">arthralgia</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4"> (sakit sendi), </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntah"><font color="#000000" size="4">muntah</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4">, </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"><font color="#000000" size="4">anemia</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4"> disebabkan </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemolysis&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">hemolysis</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4">, </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobinuria&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">hemoglobinuria</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4">, dan kekejangan</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000"><font size="4"><b><u>JENIS-JENIS MALARIA:</u></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font color="#000000" size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">· Plasmodium falciparum</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">· Plasmodium malariae</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">· Plasmodium vivax</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">· Plasmodium ovale</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">· Plasmodium knowlesi</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font color="#000000" size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000"><font size="4"><b><u>NYAMUK YANG MENGINFEKSI:</u></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font color="#000000" size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">· Nyamuk Anopheles betina</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-7n_QdP-fxBk/UmtJTsrAF5I/AAAAAAAAKks/N_d7-ohTKk8/s1600-h/image%25255B2%25255D.png"><font color="#000000" size="4"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-7n_QdP-fxBk/UmtJTsrAF5I/AAAAAAAAKk0/hJNTawORTIM/s1600-h/image%25255B7%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-2jn6QWQF_Kw/UmtJY80PVaI/AAAAAAAAKk8/18cFoV4Ti4k/image_thumb%25255B3%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="511" height="716" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font color="#000000" size="4"><u>Kitar hidup parasit malaria</u></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">Parasit malaria memerlukan 2 perumah. Manusia dikenali perumah intermediate dan nyamuk sebagai perumah definitive. Sewaktu nyamuk betina Anopheles yang terinfeksi dengan malaria menghisap darah, ia akan inoculates sporozoit ke dalam badan manusia.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">sporozoit akan menginfeksi sel-sel hepar dan matang menjadi schizonts dan pecah membebaskan merozoits. ( P. vivax dan P. ovale adalah peringkat hipnozoit, dan menyebabkan keadaan relaps berlaku. Hipnozoit yang berada dalam sel parenchyma hati akan kembali aktif dan menyerang semula sel darah merah (SDM) selepas beberapa tahun.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">kemudian, parasit ini akan mengalami penggandaan secara aseksual di dalam SDM (erythrocytic schizogoni) . merozoits ini akan menginfeksi SDM. peringkat ‘ring form’ trofozoits akan matang menjadi schizonts, dan akan pecah membebaskan merozoits. Parasit ini akan dibezakan melalui peringkat sexual erythrocytic (gametosit).</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">Gametosit ini terbahagi kepada 2, iaitu male gametosit (microgametosit) dan female gametosit ( macrogametosit). Gametosit ini akan diambil oleh nyamuk anopheles apabila ia menggigit perumah. Penggandaan parasit di dalam perut nyamuk ini dipanggil ‘sporogonic cycle’. Sewaktu dalam perut nyamuk, microgametosit akan penetrate macrogametosit menghasilkan zigot. Zigot bertukar menjadi ookinetes (motile). Ookinates akan menembusi lambung perut nyamuk membentuk oosista. Oosista akan membesar, pecah, dan membebaskan sporozoits dan akan migrasi ke kelenjar air liur nyamuk.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">Inokulasi sporozoit tersebut ke perumah (manusia) yang lain akan meyebabkan kitar hidup malaria berulang.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000"><font size="4"><b><u>SIMPTOM YANG DIHIDAPI:</u></b><b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font color="#000000" size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">· </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demam"><font color="#000000" size="4">demam</font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">· </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menggeletar&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">menggeletar</font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">· </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthralgia&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">arthralgia</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4"> (sakit sendi)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">· </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntah"><font color="#000000" size="4">muntah</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4">,</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">· </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"><font color="#000000" size="4">anemia</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4"> disebabkan </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemolysis&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">hemolysis</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4">, </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobinuria&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">hemoglobinuria</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4">, dan </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kekejangan&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">kekejangan (<i>convulsion</i>)</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4"> kemungkinan perasaan mencucuk pada kulit terutama dengan malaria yang disebabkan oleh <i>P. falciparum</i>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">· rasa sejuk diikuti dengan kekejangan dan demam dan berpeluh selama empat hingga enam jam, berlaku setiap dua hari bagi jangkitan <i>P. vivax</i> dan <i>P. ovale</i>, sementara setiap tiga hari bagi <i>P. malariae</i>.<sup> </sup><i>P. falciparum</i> boleh mengalami demam berulang setiap 36-48 jam atau demam hampir berpanjangan </font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">Ø Malaria akan menjadi lebih teruk sekiranya ia disebabkan oleh jangkitan <i>P. falciparum</i>. Ia boleh menyebabkan </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma"><font color="#000000" size="4">koma</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4"> dan kematian sekiranya tidak dirawat. kanak-kanak muda dan wanita mengandung lebih terdedah.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">*</font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Splenomegaly&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">Splenomegaly</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4"> (limpa bengkak),</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">*sakit kepala teruk,</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">*</font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">ischemia</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4"> serebral,</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">*</font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hepatomegaly&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">hepatomegaly</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4"> (hati bengkak),</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">*</font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoglycemia&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">hypoglycemia</font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">*hemoglobinuria</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">*Kegagalan ginjal mungkin menyebabkan </font><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demam_blackwater&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#000000" size="4">demam blackwater</font></a><font color="#000000" size="4">, di mana hemoglobin dari sel darah merah <i>lysed</i> memasuki air kencing.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Fv8VZdQaxDE/UmtJaf845yI/AAAAAAAAKlE/WTD_rnYrFoU/s1600-h/image%25255B5%25255D.png"><font color="#000000" size="4"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Fv8VZdQaxDE/UmtJaf845yI/AAAAAAAAKlM/aEHFXMFukZw/s1600-h/image%25255B8%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-rGITG2a3n9w/UmtJe1_T1VI/AAAAAAAAKlU/nhVW571m508/image_thumb%25255B4%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="525" height="321" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font color="#000000" size="4"><u>Pendiagnosan makmal:</u></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">*Kebiasaannya darah diambil melalui darah cucukan jari ketika pesakit sedang demam.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4">*Teknik terbaik adalah: FDN/FDT yang dicelup field / giemsa. (kebiasaannya giemsa)</font></p> <div align="justify"> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="162"> <p><b><font color="#000000" size="4"></font></b></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="214"> <p><b><font color="#000000" size="4">Filem darah tebal</font></b></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="257"> <p><b><font color="#000000" size="4">Filem darah nipis</font></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="162"> <p><b><font color="#000000" size="4">kegunaan</font></b></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="214"> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">Mengesan infeksi malaria</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="257"> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">Kenal pasti sepsis malaria</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="162"> <p><b><font color="#000000" size="4">kebaikan</font></b></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="214"> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">· Boleh kesan infeksi ringan</font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">· Tidak perlukan alatan rumit</font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">· Masa saringan lebih cepat dari FDN</font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">· Boleh anggar keterukan infeksi- mengira parasit</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="257"> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">· Boleh kenal spesies dengan tepat</font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">· Boleh kesan infeksi campuran</font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">· Boleh bezakan SDM yang terinfeksi dengan SDM yang tidak terinfeksi</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="162"> <p><b><font color="#000000" size="4">kelemahan</font></b></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="214"> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">*Sukar mengenal spesies</font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">*Sukar tentukan infeksi campuran</font></p> </td> <td valign="top" width="257"> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">*Tidak sesuai pencelupan field</font></p> <p><font color="#000000" size="4">*Boleh berlaku negative palsu pada infeksi ringan</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="4"> </font></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-15141266108463529412013-10-25T21:42:00.001-07:002013-10-25T21:42:08.940-07:00Denggi<p align="justify"><font size="4">Demam Denggi merupakan penyakit akut yang disebabkan oleh yang disebarkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes betina. Nyamuk Aedes terdiri daripada <em>Aedes aegypti</em> dan <em>Aedes albopictus. </em>Denggi terbahagi kepada 2 jenis: <br />      i) Demam Denggi biasa <br />     ii) Demam Denggi Berdarah atau Sindrom Renjatan Denggi <br /></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Virus denggi berkembang biak dalam badan nyamuk dan nyamuk yang mengandungi virus boleh menjadi vektor disepanjang hayatnya. Virus ini juga boleh dipindahkan kepada telurnya. Proses ini disebut transmisi transovari. Seekor nyamuk dewasa hasil daripada telur ini akan mengandungi virus di dalam badannya walaupun ia tidak pernah menggigit pesakit denggi sebelum ini.</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">v <b><u>TANDA-TANDA</u></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Demam panas yang teruk secara mengejut dan berterusan.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Petekia (bintik-bintik merah pada kulit)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Sakit teruk pada tulang-tulang, otot-otot,sendi-sendi, biji mata dan kepala Pesakit</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Demam denggi memerlukan pengawasan kerana ada kalanya mereka turut mengalami pendarahan di hidung dan gusi serta kencing berdarah. Pesakit Demam denggi perlu diawasi agar tidak berubah menjadi Demam denggi berdarah.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">v <b><u>TANDA-TANDA DEMAM DENGGI BERDARAH</u></b><u></u></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Pendarahan</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· demam panas</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· pembesaran hati</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· kegagalan sistem perdedaran darah.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· muntah-muntah</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· sakit kepala</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· sakit perut.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Ø <b><u>Tanda-tanda pendarahaN:</u></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· kelebaman di kulit dan hidung </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· gusi berdarah</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">·pemeriksaan darah menunjukkan berlaku trombositipenia, leukopenia dan peningkatan aras hematokrit.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Jika setelah beberapa hari demam, pesakit kelihatan semakin parah dan menunjukkan gejala kegagalan sistem peredaran darah seperti kulit yang lembab dan dingin, bibir yang lebam kebiruan, denyutan nadi yang cepat tetapi lemah dan hipotensi menandakan berlakunya sindrom renjatan denggi .</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">KITAR HIDUP:</font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-vECdVvl-DHA/UmtHzIOG83I/AAAAAAAAKjQ/5ruu2dQiolk/s1600-h/image%25255B2%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-vECdVvl-DHA/UmtHzIOG83I/AAAAAAAAKjY/aCP7Yj_xM6c/s1600-h/image%25255B10%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-JyB8v26dYSg/UmtH3RZlMII/AAAAAAAAKjg/2NJq8Y3iS0E/image_thumb%25255B4%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="514" height="325" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Kitaran hidup dari telur hingga menjadi dewasa mengambil masa lebih kurang 1minggu.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Nyamuk dewasa (betina dan jantan) akan bersenyawa dan sperma jantan akan disimpan dalam nyamuk betina</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">·Untuk menghasilkan telur yang hidup,nyamuk betina perlukan darah</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Nyamuk bertelur di dalam takungan air jernih di dalam dan di luar rumah.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Sebanyak 60-100 biji telur dikeluarkan pada setiap kali bertelur.Nyamuk betina mampu bertelur 10 kali semasa hayatnya selama 30 hari.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Selepas 1-3 hari telur nyamuk akan matang dan menetas mengeluarkan larva (jentik-jentik)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Selepas 5-7 hari larva akan bertukar menjadi kepompong dan selepas 1-2 hari nyamuk dewasa akan terbang meninggalkan kepompong.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Demam denggi disebabkan oleh nyamuk Aedes. Ia biasanya dikenali dengan belang hitam dan putih di badan dan kakinya.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Nyamuk ini biasanya akan menggigit pada awal pagi dan awal senja</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Virus akan membiak di dalam kalenjar air liur nyamuk (proses pengeraman) selama 8-10 hari.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Selepas tempoh ini nyamuk menjadi infektif dan mampu menyebar virus.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Selepas gigitan virus akan membiak di dalam badan manusia.Tanda-tanda klinikal akan timbul dalam masa 4-6 hari.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Virus denggi hanya hidup selama 5-7 hari sahaja di dalam badan manusia kerana badan akan bertindakbalas dengan membentuk dan mengeluarkan antibodi.</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4"></font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">CARA PENCEGAHAN:</font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-jKym2OWdYlQ/UmtH5au6vyI/AAAAAAAAKjo/bscQcvjwNr0/s1600-h/image%25255B5%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-jKym2OWdYlQ/UmtH5au6vyI/AAAAAAAAKjw/XN65m9e5csg/s1600-h/image%25255B12%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-TM5Ksu90i1k/UmtH_EJFjBI/AAAAAAAAKj4/80sHxDhpX0I/image_thumb%25255B6%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="514" height="378" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-m3WqWz_LvCc/UmtIBcCjXOI/AAAAAAAAKkA/4ZU56NLZLUk/s1600-h/image%25255B8%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-m3WqWz_LvCc/UmtIBcCjXOI/AAAAAAAAKkI/lnLIo--iArU/s1600-h/image%25255B13%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-4_PRcxn57F4/UmtIHnHBTGI/AAAAAAAAKkQ/tseq_cAy5pM/image_thumb%25255B7%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="518" height="274" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-11783237751368523072013-10-25T21:34:00.001-07:002013-10-25T21:34:32.638-07:00Chikungunya<p align="justify"><font size="4">Chikungunya pertama kali dikesan melalui ujian darah di Tanzania pada tahun 1953. Semenjak itu ia berlaku di negara-negara Afrika, Asia dan akhir-akhir ini ia berlaku di beberapa buah tempat di Negara Eropah.  Ia endemik (selalu berlaku) di kebanyakan negara Sub Sahara Afrika, India, Asia Tenggara, Indonesia dan Filipina. Manusia boleh mendapat penyakit ini melalui gigitan nyamuk <em>Aedes albopictus</em> atau <em>Aedes aegypti</em> yang membawa virus tersebut.  Nyamuk Aedes juga menyebarkan virus penyakit demam denggi.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Masa pengeraman bagi Chikungunya boleh menjangkau di antara 3 hingga 12 hari tetapi pada kebiasaannya di antara 3 hingga 7 hari.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><b><u>Simptom yang dihidapi:</u></b><b><u></u></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Demam panas mengejut</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Sakit teruk pada sendi</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Ruam pada badan</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Sakit kepala</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Seorang pesakit boleh demam dari 1 hingga 7 hari (kebiasaannya 5 hari).</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Penyakit Chikungunya boleh disalah anggap sebagai demam denggi kerana tanda-tanda penyakit yang menyerupai demam denggi.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><u><b>Cara mencegah</b><b>:</b></u></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Bersihkan kawasan rumah dan persekitaran supaya bebas daripada tempat-tempat pembiakan nyamuk Aedes. Ini boleh dilakukan melalui aktiviti gotong royong. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Periksa rumah dan persekitaran sekurang-kurangnya seminggu sekali untuk memastikan tiada pembiakan nyamuk Aedes.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Dapatkan rawatan dengan segera di klinik atau hospital berdekatan sekiranya mengalami tanda dan gejala penyakit.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Memasang ubat nyamuk atau memasang kelambu sewaktu hendak tidur</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-BWO9MZuOdmw/UmtGTo8SInI/AAAAAAAAKiY/aLc0CqQkK4U/s1600-h/image%25255B3%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-eG-wnHRM720/UmtGVpxb7FI/AAAAAAAAKig/3zuNeyCg4h8/image_thumb%25255B1%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="357" height="214" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Semburan kabus dan ULV juga boleh dilakukan sebagai langkah pencegahan</font></p> <p><font size="4"></font></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-40210739411775868532013-10-25T21:33:00.001-07:002013-10-25T21:33:11.422-07:00PENYIMPANAN & KEGUNAAN KOMPONEN DARAH<p align="justify"><b><font size="4"><u>PENYIMPANAN DARAH</u></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-mfWS5Nlz1BI/UmtFLwEboBI/AAAAAAAAKZ4/l_UtHNy0AtE/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B5%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001" border="0" alt="clip_image001" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-1tUcYrHQKgk/UmtFMlSg7nI/AAAAAAAAKaA/yLebSdYotis/clip_image001_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Darah yang didermakan boleh dibahagikan kepada beberapa jenis produk atau komponen:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Sel darah merah – whole blood, packed red cell, buffy-coat poor red cell, filtered red cell</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Plasma – fresh frozen plasma, cryosupernatant, cryoprecipitate</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Platelet – random platelet concentrate, apheresis platelet</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-8eMbGhylA1c/UmtFNU523lI/AAAAAAAAKaI/R8Vx62ymWgE/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B1%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[1]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[1]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-_n5tiyFKWzQ/UmtFOZUKi8I/AAAAAAAAKaQ/lJbIwmVWzfs/clip_image001%25255B1%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Setiap produk atau komponen darah ini mempunyai cara penyimpanan dan kegunaan yang berbeza. Antaranya:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Darah yang telah melalui ujian saringan dan telah diproses kepada sel darah merah, platelet dan plasma akan disimpan mengikut jenis darah, kumpulan darah ABO dan tarikh luput masing-masing.</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"><u>PENYIMPANAN STOK “WHOLE BLOOD”:</u></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-BnghJQeVHbo/UmtFPZIVwiI/AAAAAAAAKaY/lhs5ou9C-3U/s1600-h/image%25255B2%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-U2-lSGo6IGI/UmtFQZkB2mI/AAAAAAAAKag/TWGt_FHmLrQ/image_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="177" height="244" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-1mHM0eTrdKw/UmtFRNfPZoI/AAAAAAAAKao/jI5VVrdP6cQ/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B6%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[6]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[6]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-jLE0YjkfrzQ/UmtFRyLGowI/AAAAAAAAKaw/dDiJmeay7ms/clip_image001%25255B6%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Susun beg darah di atas rak besi secara menegak mengikut jenis darah.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-sFY9_NHkJo4/UmtFStdMo4I/AAAAAAAAKa4/5jMgjtmFPsU/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B7%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[7]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[7]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-5F5_U8WCuX0/UmtFTaoLpZI/AAAAAAAAKbA/zeUqT-OvtmQ/clip_image001%25255B7%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Sediakan label ID rak. Cetak tarikh pengumpulan & tarikh luput pada label ID rak. Letakkan label ID rak pada bahagian depan rak besi.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-tu6xaQLztUQ/UmtFUOwKmAI/AAAAAAAAKbI/iQmgci8ylrY/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B8%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[8]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[8]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-RiLIVAV1kyU/UmtFVXkDf2I/AAAAAAAAKbQ/O4-jCeA9iPY/clip_image001%25255B8%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Masukkan semua sampel darah ke dalam bilik sejuk beku atau peti sejuk beku yang terdapat dimakmal.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-4ReN5aFJGLE/UmtFWDqt9sI/AAAAAAAAKbY/sHT2DhKRzeo/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B9%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[9]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[9]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-4L9mRrrvka4/UmtFWz53jxI/AAAAAAAAKbg/KCC8qYrVBUk/clip_image001%25255B9%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Letakkan Rh Negatif, ‘Whole Blood’ bertapis, Emergency O, Pedi Pack & Red Cell Apheresis di atas rak yang sesuai mengikut jenis darah.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-MH3sUnCNdDA/UmtFYtcSipI/AAAAAAAAKbo/e9RcNsX_KYI/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B10%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[10]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[10]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-gSxaacaDY_I/UmtFZRM6WJI/AAAAAAAAKbw/KKHxhG-IXLc/clip_image001%25255B10%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Susun rak sampel mengikut tarikh luput beg darah. Pastikan susunan stok darah baru di bahagian belakang, manakala stok darah lama di bahagian depan.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-QMPfWTeEC0w/UmtFZ0KbA8I/AAAAAAAAKb4/SroEG6xxuuE/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B11%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[11]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[11]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-uJN_shR6ZQg/UmtFa2jmlUI/AAAAAAAAKcA/GWVcCkoPISE/clip_image001%25255B11%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Baca paparan digital suhu pada peti sejuk beku dan pastikan suhu pada paparan di bilik sejuk beku adalah antara 2ºC hingga 6ºC.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"><u>PENYIMPANAN STOK RANDOM PLATELET</u></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><strong><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-aVbJQ-M_U9M/UmtFbUgjSJI/AAAAAAAAKcI/NZ_D7H5TOHQ/s1600-h/download%252520%2525288%252529%25255B2%25255D.jpg"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="download (8)" border="0" alt="download (8)" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-K37cAPg94ao/UmtFcU41V7I/AAAAAAAAKcQ/NIGxlNx9jNg/download%252520%2525288%252529_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="244" height="198" /></font></a></strong></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-oV7n-diGbAc/UmtFdBBFQ6I/AAAAAAAAKcY/OKPuYcwNQq0/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B18%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[18]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[18]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-ntrUsMS_Xgo/UmtFdwhHSwI/AAAAAAAAKcg/oleBzN7KO-E/clip_image001%25255B18%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Buka pintu mesin ‘Platelet Agitator’.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-YLxquZ2Gmmw/UmtFeiiqarI/AAAAAAAAKco/mk_8nDnBMuc/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B19%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[19]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[19]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-39f5DDiW_0c/UmtFfXONX1I/AAAAAAAAKcw/omT83YGLy20/clip_image001%25255B19%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Letakkan ‘Random Platelet’ pada rak yang sesuai di dalam Platelet Agitator.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-_ePVLCn1hIQ/UmtFgE0H79I/AAAAAAAAKc4/FuEP649Ja-Y/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B20%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[20]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[20]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-S0QrGDExC8U/UmtFg8yj7LI/AAAAAAAAKdA/8dv7UizeZ9Q/clip_image001%25255B20%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Susun Random Platelet mengikut tarikh luput dan jangan letakkan jumlah beg darah melebihi 12 beg.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Q-OwmmMf1Nk/UmtFhmJMq9I/AAAAAAAAKdI/xDl_p9AZVog/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B21%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[21]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[21]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-hQ6yrH4s30E/UmtFiTo37fI/AAAAAAAAKdQ/IbIQSQVVc0o/clip_image001%25255B21%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Tutup pintu mesin Platelet Agitator.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-hILdXyFtvkw/UmtFjNuJF0I/AAAAAAAAKdY/75nesLC1kxg/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B22%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[22]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[22]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-YBKf9fl3rWg/UmtFjxWDAAI/AAAAAAAAKdg/hMpBDr9F52o/clip_image001%25255B22%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Pastikan suhu pada mesin Platelet Agitator berada pada bacaan antara 20ºC hingga 24ºC.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"><u>PENYIMPANAN STOK PLATELET AFERESIS</u></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-TioF5RAhlf8/UmtFkoo0suI/AAAAAAAAKdo/ZJWKCcnuYGM/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B23%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[23]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[23]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-A4WPUEHySxE/UmtFlJWW1kI/AAAAAAAAKdw/LVEdmUDY2oQ/clip_image001%25255B23%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Letakkan Platelet Apheresis di dalam Platelet Agitator.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-LiCROVgxCxI/UmtFmGoFIII/AAAAAAAAKd4/s0kCnWeEnhE/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B24%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[24]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[24]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-LCH77wqdSb4/UmtFm937mxI/AAAAAAAAKeA/bfkwZhdO3Dc/clip_image001%25255B24%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Pastikan Platelet Agitator berfungsi dengan baik</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-GCPmWeOe81s/UmtFnxbqHWI/AAAAAAAAKeI/VInhx7Ov6Oo/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B25%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[25]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[25]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-QcJfn0el0Ow/UmtFomwWBII/AAAAAAAAKeQ/Q8z7dqu-kfE/clip_image001%25255B25%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4">Pastikan suhu pada mesin Platelet Agitator berada pada bacaan antara 20ºC hingga 24ºC.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"><u>PENYIMPANAN STOK KOMPONEN PLASMA</u> <br /></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Lh09-L4AGtw/UmtFpd9NhoI/AAAAAAAAKeY/8rKpGZ8ES80/s1600-h/image%25255B5%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/--x6I31DWLMk/UmtFqYbuHPI/AAAAAAAAKeg/R9fPwxoCpfw/image_thumb%25255B1%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="197" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-x9Ks9Y4B148/UmtFrGkXpSI/AAAAAAAAKeo/bHBnCQOkBTQ/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B34%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[34]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[34]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-24GuUgP6-js/UmtFr2JweJI/AAAAAAAAKew/DeAT48K4AlU/clip_image001%25255B34%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Susun komponen plasma di atas rak besi yang sesuai mengikut jenis kumpulan darah.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-r8AZPlO0Z7Q/UmtFsboHqDI/AAAAAAAAKe4/JToLf4GPAFA/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B35%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[35]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[35]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-lPlJFDtQuZI/UmtFtXqY7qI/AAAAAAAAKfA/-ZHUVHX_Rmk/clip_image001%25255B35%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Buka peti sejuk beku / Ultra Low Freezer / atau bilik sejuk beku.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-dyqV_LelKtU/UmtFt8s3w_I/AAAAAAAAKfI/lIQ9fLkzUTM/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B36%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[36]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[36]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-L3gGYxev2Sk/UmtFutdIMPI/AAAAAAAAKfQ/GPjHUcHjk3Q/clip_image001%25255B36%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Susun rak sampel mengikut tarikh luput beg darah. Pastikan susunan stok darah baru di bahagian belakang, manakala stok darah lama di bahagian depan.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-OWbN6s_O6rI/UmtFvUfGa5I/AAAAAAAAKfY/Z4dH91gD-Jg/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B37%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[37]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[37]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-t9ywvQcnB6M/UmtFwHABImI/AAAAAAAAKfg/F7OIapD4TSw/clip_image001%25255B37%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Tutup peti sejuk beku atau bilik sejuk beku tadi.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjTkagD4UuzZ7Zly501w9Yh-cDnI6zjOyNSbyEBITHqIcLZYayOel7s0KmsGA1tF9mgWOcA03zruiKbBY8Ir6R8Bp8QtZf-MeXbqsFkjvRMFku6lbf-IX9vBiplpPS_arW23ne7XK_CUc/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B38%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[38]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[38]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-lUu3XMfYf-g/UmtFxi-21-I/AAAAAAAAKfw/Wk1q4qcbdZ8/clip_image001%25255B38%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Baca dan pastikan suhu pada peti sejuk beku berada pada bacaan suhu yang betul.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"><u>KEGUNAAN DARAH</u></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-yl9BEvuqfvQ/UmtFyANVGbI/AAAAAAAAKf4/ZJqheofrbDU/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B39%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[39]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[39]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-6x74aNbxqfc/UmtFy4LquyI/AAAAAAAAKgA/hOuhAIAZHp0/clip_image001%25255B39%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Setiap produk atau komponen darah ini ada kegunaan masing-masing</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-r0UsobEr1ac/UmtFzkjla9I/AAAAAAAAKgI/x-8HQ-stTjE/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B40%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[40]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[40]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-KC1CQ_LvNo4/UmtF0ZqqpPI/AAAAAAAAKgQ/V4CUlQqlVuY/clip_image001%25255B40%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Kebiasaan darah yang diderma digunakan bagi rawatan penyakit-penyakit seperti:-</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Anemia</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Thallassaemia</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Kehilangan Darah semasa Pembedahan dan lain-lain.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-IlGQuHimk04/UmtF1NvdXPI/AAAAAAAAKgY/m382NsoVXSA/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B41%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[41]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[41]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-hvMxymApVhE/UmtF2LAYajI/AAAAAAAAKgg/9oCuoRX97X8/clip_image001%25255B41%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Whole blood – unit darah yang didermakan yang tidak menjalani proses pengasingan. Digunakan untuk kes-kes seperti pesakit yang kehilangan darah akibat kemalangan dan untuk pertukaran darah (Exchange Transfusion, ET) bayi akibat jaundis neonatal yang teruk.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-1OEUbvSnnlg/UmtF2kNKnWI/AAAAAAAAKgo/J6uSFQMo7Ek/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B42%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[42]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[42]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-_FXjkmBOvGY/UmtF3pnF9dI/AAAAAAAAKgw/R028WZham3o/clip_image001%25255B42%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Sel darah merah – untuk masalah kekurangan hemoglobin (anemia) seperti penyakit buah pinggang dan panyakit kanser. Kehilangan darah yang kronik, leukemia, thallasemia</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-JoAG8CqW1EI/UmtF4TXjIWI/AAAAAAAAKg4/vmnuCTNmJTc/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B43%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[43]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[43]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-iSPXd94Anfs/UmtF5DwPjUI/AAAAAAAAKhA/NH8N4y8YhPo/clip_image001%25255B43%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Plasma – kes-kes pendarahan semasa bersalin, lecur akibat kebakaran, pendarahan akibat kerosakan hati.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-AfdzWNOwv-A/UmtF6Ph0FQI/AAAAAAAAKhI/TnZXIGFOCIY/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B44%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[44]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[44]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-wk4RdfdUImA/UmtF634q4dI/AAAAAAAAKhQ/PFHsTpjcxnU/clip_image001%25255B44%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Platelet – untuk penyakit-penyakit kekurangan platelet seperti demam denggi dan leukemia.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">RUJUKAN</font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-PEwo5hI8k2k/UmtF7hH1FEI/AAAAAAAAKhY/eGXKNGBYGx0/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B56%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[56]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[56]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Ad_QzFX4j7o/UmtF8eGaoDI/AAAAAAAAKhg/Fqk1w-TINEI/clip_image001%25255B56%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Technical Manual Advancing Transfusion and Cellular Therapies Worldwide, Mark E. Brecher, MD. AABB Publisher. 2005.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-2CdD4Z4FJ8Q/UmtF9HH3W7I/AAAAAAAAKho/D2wRPespODA/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B57%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[57]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[57]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-qn7o_BzImxU/UmtF9zhtIZI/AAAAAAAAKhw/0hVeQ8GYCWU/clip_image001%25255B57%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Diagnostic of Blood and pathologic Bases . 5<sup>th </sup>edition. Leopold G. Koss and Myron R. Melamed . Lippinott Willians and Wilkins. 2006</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-l7vCQ4t21HA/UmtF-7td5kI/AAAAAAAAKh4/2q-mE1LuoTI/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B58%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[58]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[58]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-WVktmQvpK78/UmtF_n_aU-I/AAAAAAAAKiA/PxDGi51LVcE/clip_image001%25255B58%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> International of Blood Transfusion committee on terminology, Daniels G L, Fletcher A. et al. Vox Sang. 2004.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-5QlEwhioNhw/UmtGAXqR-HI/AAAAAAAAKiI/62d1t5YPYYs/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B60%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[60]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[60]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-VYxVGlBlNq4/UmtGBJ0uY_I/AAAAAAAAKiQ/ikzROD0V-Io/clip_image001%25255B60%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Gruchy’s Clinical Immunohaematology in Medical Practice. 5 edition.Frank Firkin, Colin Chesterman, David Penington dan Bryan Rush. Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1989.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-35541430064899711922013-10-25T21:28:00.001-07:002013-10-25T21:28:08.335-07:00KOMPONEN DARAH<p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">PENGENALAN</font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Komponen darah terdiri daripada whole blood, red cell concentration, buffy coat, plasma, platelet, Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP), Cryoprecipitate dan Cryosupernatant. komponen darah ini ada kegunaan masing-masing. Kebiasaan darah yang diderma digunakan bagi rawatan penyakit-penyakit seperti: Anemia, Thallassaemia, Tumpah Darah Pembedahan dan lain-lain. </font><font size="4">Whole blood yang didermakan yang tidak menjalani proses pengasingan. Digunakan untuk kes-kes seperti pesakit yang kehilangan darah akibat kemalangan dan untuk pertukaran darah bayi akibat jaundis neonatal yang teruk. Sel darah merah digunakan untuk masalah kekurangan hemoglobin (anemia) seperti penyakit buah pinggang dan panyakit kanser. Kehilangan darah yang kronik, leukemia, thallasemia. Plasma untuk kes-kes pendarahan semasa bersalin, lecur akibat kebakaran, pendarahan akibat kerosakan hati. Platelet untuk penyakit-penyakit kekurangan platelet seperti demam denggi dan leukemia.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><b></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">KOMPONEN DARAH</font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-I-PbDwA-IWA/UmtA7RtqC2I/AAAAAAAAKXI/3tyu9Kn8Vjg/s1600-h/image2.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-I-PbDwA-IWA/UmtA7RtqC2I/AAAAAAAAKXQ/syAuGQ9E0BE/s1600-h/image%25255B34%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/--6_NZsHRldU/UmtBAPuxUsI/AAAAAAAAKMQ/kccpg4pKJQc/image_thumb%25255B14%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="476" height="652" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">PENYEDIAAN KOMPONEN DARAH</font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ndvlfK5SE8k/UmtBCtplKTI/AAAAAAAAKXY/n0E4lpxA6Mk/s1600-h/image5.png"><font size="4"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNP4Kr17jP0c8kbfTvENwMDM9FBR4LOzVoDngCtRc_NP0sD1BLFrUDk858AoDC5F9ydpp6mgqj9MsbSOBbdPr-EPU00N4KzNHACJyZwiyrWmcfvuG___lpuxsQZ1_eKgsb-BUibSsVYkQ/s1600-h/image3%25255B1%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-b3h2-y6Q9NA/UmtBIYJqWBI/AAAAAAAAKMo/YXIkb2Jq4DQ/image3_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="478" height="444" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Prinsip penyediaan komponen darah :</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-tAuS1zo7etM/UmtBJM5iUvI/AAAAAAAAKMw/mjK8trqDCyA/s1600-h/clip_image0015.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001" border="0" alt="clip_image001" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-8fProjBx26c/UmtBKGNMn7I/AAAAAAAAKM4/9CXxwGGCCno/clip_image001_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Ketumpatan komponen</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-8Z7kxcVEORM/UmtCpYUHaqI/AAAAAAAAKNk/b5IrbS4WpNc/s1600-h/clip_image00112.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[1]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[1]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-ojuDgg5laeg/UmtCqDLQ0yI/AAAAAAAAKNs/nNzywzkBUt8/clip_image0011_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Berat komponen</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><strong><u><font size="4">PENYEDIAAN WHOLE BLOOD</font></u></strong></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-GFfsCE7aQCw/UmtCr4yDy_I/AAAAAAAAKN0/gEAJySc59gA/s1600-h/image%25255B3%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-1Uf8ZIJNPnA/UmtCtGVoqCI/AAAAAAAAKN8/4Oe3Ez_J9p0/image_thumb%25255B1%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="215" height="244" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-2cWsMF4HPjQ/UmtCt5OV5qI/AAAAAAAAKOE/D7ZCJ3qGBBE/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B1%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[1]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[1]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-kDFgLvzgASA/UmtCu2qzoaI/AAAAAAAAKOM/VpSldQ7OV5E/clip_image001%25255B1%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Ispadu pungutan</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*450 mL + 63 mL antibekuan</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*350 mL + 49 mL antibekuan</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-7GBGehTp7tM/UmtCvtZi59I/AAAAAAAAKOU/B6jn6HgjN4o/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B2%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[2]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[2]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-jXjsi_Og1yo/UmtCwaSzJdI/AAAAAAAAKOc/lnrZe8wyWhU/clip_image001%25255B2%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Antibekuan yang digunakan adalah CPD atau CPDA</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-OJbFUDUE2xg/UmtCxHaEIKI/AAAAAAAAKOk/JlKEWwAvm88/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B3%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[3]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[3]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ksjWtZMOXss/UmtCymXvfXI/AAAAAAAAKOs/_ZnIwLU1HuM/clip_image001%25255B3%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Fungsi antibekuan adalah:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Citrate : bertindak sebagai agen anti pembekuan</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Phospate : mengawal PH</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Dextrose : nutrisi untuk sel darah merah (SDM)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Adenine : menyokong aras ATP dalam sel darah merah (SDM)</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4">PENYEDIAAN RED CELL CONCENTRATE</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-1ugKgIvr9bs/UmtCz2WA4GI/AAAAAAAAKO0/9PcCFqUIuHA/s1600-h/image%25255B6%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-de1j2HyGvDQ/UmtC0yXFxRI/AAAAAAAAKO8/p_OATVp9dX8/image_thumb%25255B2%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="202" height="244" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-87l12-3Q2EQ/UmtC1pbf7II/AAAAAAAAKPE/yrWo0JV9DTo/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B7%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[7]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[7]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-pfgO99F7Jsg/UmtC2qLlhvI/AAAAAAAAKPM/JrTlcWIpbBw/clip_image001%25255B7%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Sel darah merah (SDM) boleh didapati dengan menyingkirkan plasma supernatant hasil dari emparan whole blood</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Nbf_KRikp9c/UmtC3TEA5UI/AAAAAAAAKPU/hFeFfZAjC1w/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B8%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[8]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[8]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-NdK0nJlBQ6s/UmtC4NiQooI/AAAAAAAAKPc/QD2QwUYvV5s/clip_image001%25255B8%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Paras kandungan plasma yang disingkirkan menentukan paras hematocrit komponen tersebut. ( 200 mL plasma yang disingkirkan = 55 % Hct / unit SDM )</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-bcxnmlG07ok/UmtC4yZzG0I/AAAAAAAAKPk/QrVPKxixXQg/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B9%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[9]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[9]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-6jatjM-bBco/UmtC59evUoI/AAAAAAAAKPs/35O1YKGK8ac/clip_image001%25255B9%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Darah dipungut dalam beg darah berkembar dua atau tiga</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Shk-RQftTo0/UmtC6k8zwpI/AAAAAAAAKP0/YLhl2RomX9o/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B10%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[10]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[10]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-o3yPaWWKEi0/UmtC7feSVYI/AAAAAAAAKP8/uZ9YdTV7cU4/clip_image001%25255B10%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Jangka hayat sel darah bergantung kepada jenis kandungan anti-koagulasi dan nutrisi yang digunakan</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>Prosedur Penyediaan</u></strong> </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-QrqrctNhOh0/UmtC8ffypuI/AAAAAAAAKXo/EIsoTfTVE3s/s1600-h/image%25255B9%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-QrqrctNhOh0/UmtC8ffypuI/AAAAAAAAKXw/WI6vy6uKqAs/s1600-h/image%25255B36%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Fw9nVjvVcn8/UmtC-mUG2-I/AAAAAAAAKQU/DOBSlf6srjw/image_thumb%25255B16%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="463" height="614" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4">PENYEDIAAN FRESH FROZEN PLASMA (FFP)</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-P2zb29Kl1gM/UmtC_wHAswI/AAAAAAAAKQc/7rrYma08NFc/s1600-h/image%25255B12%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-K7E3LFZ_3Uk/UmtDBTDqVfI/AAAAAAAAKQk/nx3R_UU40hw/image_thumb%25255B4%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="209" height="244" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Ce900GOo10w/UmtDBwwCvyI/AAAAAAAAKQs/DNIef52ETDI/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B17%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[17]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[17]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-p4xwfJnEA-U/UmtDCkYfb2I/AAAAAAAAKQ0/7rGg5G4P5T0/clip_image001%25255B17%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> FFP dipisahkan daripada elemen darah selular atau bekuan untuk memastikan aktiviti factor pembekuan adalah stabil</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-uEWN6XTkhnQ/UmtDDSXCopI/AAAAAAAAKQ8/fk49WHQILxg/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B18%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[18]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[18]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-gaiFbAlxOvc/UmtDE4GfQnI/AAAAAAAAKRE/615KLYtTVTY/clip_image001%25255B18%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Dipungut dalam beg berkembar dua atau tiga</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-EIEi7s2OgyQ/UmtDGduanzI/AAAAAAAAKRM/hf4QUVY8GKc/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B19%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[19]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[19]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-oMpcET3ijzw/UmtDHAwN9MI/AAAAAAAAKRU/M4lBqY-6voI/clip_image001%25255B19%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Bekukan FFP pada Blast Frezeer selama 1 jam sebelum dipindahkan ke dalam peti bersuhu -40 º c hingga -80 º c</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-v6hMe5lnbSM/UmtDH6FCruI/AAAAAAAAKRc/rCVj9Fg7-CA/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B20%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[20]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[20]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-bwM8ZT9-BmM/UmtDITtH6yI/AAAAAAAAKRg/_shlekO8Hsw/clip_image001%25255B20%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> FFP mengandungi 70 % lebih dari kandungan in vivo plasma coagulation factor level</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-p7HUUTxV6ks/UmtDJCXZfOI/AAAAAAAAKRs/9f4-GzjtkRI/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B21%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[21]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[21]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-kk2AYay4s5A/UmtDJ9YEA-I/AAAAAAAAKR0/OTSfHlllYbY/clip_image001%25255B21%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Memerlukan keserasian ABO</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Xr1u2mh3ED8/UmtDKk9ioUI/AAAAAAAAKR8/v24IOWaImnE/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B22%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[22]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[22]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-HqqcPMjNlV0/UmtDLYU_ITI/AAAAAAAAKSE/QkmQaq5j9Cc/clip_image001%25255B22%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Tarikh luput FFP adalah 1 hingga 2 tahun atau 2 jam selepas Thawing</font></p> <p align="justify"><strong><u><font size="4">Prosedur Penyediaan</font></u></strong></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-H2Nbjk-Og2o/UmtDMY91qrI/AAAAAAAAKX4/uVEAHk2lGTE/s1600-h/image%25255B15%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-H2Nbjk-Og2o/UmtDMY91qrI/AAAAAAAAKYA/QbfReglrdyE/s1600-h/image%25255B38%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-SQpxuWS2ldc/UmtDQl_s5AI/AAAAAAAAKSc/rkyPT7IdqV0/image_thumb%25255B18%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="474" height="630" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4">PENYEDIAAN PLATELATE CONCENTRATED</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-ffGsmLRr3aI/UmtDR3X_0TI/AAAAAAAAKSk/298JTnUGf-Y/s1600-h/image%25255B18%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-nhHQ2TeC4EU/UmtDTPUPGVI/AAAAAAAAKSs/voYc_BJEciA/image_thumb%25255B6%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="192" height="244" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-7GijBX4nyBw/UmtDTq56vVI/AAAAAAAAKS0/kuatpBWM-w8/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B31%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[31]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[31]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-kss9BNd7OGY/UmtDUp6GC5I/AAAAAAAAKS8/q2If0t1Srj4/clip_image001%25255B31%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Platelet yang diperkaya dengan plasma diasing daripada whole blood melalui ‘Light Spin’ dan platelet concentration diperolehi melalui ‘Heavy Spin’ dan menyingkirkan plasma</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-o4AngHplTeo/UmtDVdfiTiI/AAAAAAAAKTE/cdeObhq00xo/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B32%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[32]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[32]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-gKC6RyYAXzs/UmtDWFabuwI/AAAAAAAAKTM/OyZjocah9w8/clip_image001%25255B32%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Dipungut dalam beg berkembar tiga dengan masa pungutan tidak melebihi 12 minit</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-kuT50JHzHSU/UmtDWxoIvkI/AAAAAAAAKTU/pePvPNsTzIw/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B33%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[33]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[33]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-2-46gJaYRnE/UmtDXv5TBuI/AAAAAAAAKTc/Z_J7hEN8aK0/clip_image001%25255B33%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Platelet disimpan atas mesin agitator untuk menghalang platelate daripada bergumpal</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-t_PtZSWoTBU/UmtDYbegFJI/AAAAAAAAKTk/Girz1Wvn3jw/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B34%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[34]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[34]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-nyXYV5bCz_8/UmtDZpWQDwI/AAAAAAAAKTs/vqmR4ZMzH_k/clip_image001%25255B34%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Platelate perlu lakukan ujian sterility bagi memastikan platelate bebas dari bacteria</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-l0T_VcvJYd4/UmtDaT0HJqI/AAAAAAAAKT0/iO0_sy9JAKc/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B35%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[35]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[35]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-ZOfesZPCOoY/UmtDbAYQV0I/AAAAAAAAKT8/44L4yYepLkw/clip_image001%25255B35%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Isipadu platelate adalah 50 – 60 mL </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"> <strong><u>Prosedur Penyediaan</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-USXBSAwF-1k/UmtDcvUnTuI/AAAAAAAAKYI/KVhbo80R6GU/s1600-h/image%25255B21%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-USXBSAwF-1k/UmtDcvUnTuI/AAAAAAAAKYQ/l8AlpjILXKU/s1600-h/image%25255B40%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-3iCr8pCG2hw/UmtDflHf3hI/AAAAAAAAKUU/ZDv-6FiXKfo/image_thumb%25255B20%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="453" height="649" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4">PENYEDIAAN CRYOPRECIPITATE DAN CRYOSUPERNATANT</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-FmIrl1LIoxA/UmtDhYNSeQI/AAAAAAAAKUc/HND_02KVSyU/s1600-h/image%25255B24%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-iEYmHb1IRbo/UmtDizomhdI/AAAAAAAAKUk/yz5H0qlqQLE/image_thumb%25255B8%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="181" height="244" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Cryosupernatant </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-5YWXrKTfZps/UmtDj4UhKOI/AAAAAAAAKUs/fPCuxTZ2720/s1600-h/image%25255B27%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-0CXOLdKFJg8/UmtDl7mz5II/AAAAAAAAKU0/CpgIptv2zTw/image_thumb%25255B9%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="174" height="244" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Cryoprecipitate</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-MU4Pf2gLkC4/UmtDmwuEgrI/AAAAAAAAKU4/GPmKw1brEIA/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B43%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[43]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[43]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Rqkcz6e7LVs/UmtDngfMCGI/AAAAAAAAKVE/mx_KpGgZarI/clip_image001%25255B43%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Dipungut dalam beg berkembar tiga</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-_2_iyC0QlIg/UmtDoQ49WfI/AAAAAAAAKVM/ny2OvW_B09k/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B44%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[44]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[44]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-uExrbxDCfDA/UmtDpayxx7I/AAAAAAAAKVU/vShDrgcRm98/clip_image001%25255B44%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Cryoprecipitate dan Cryosupernatant merupakan komponen yang diasingkan dalam plasma yang telah dibekukan pada suhu - 80 º c selama semalan</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-IfhWDSsx2v8/UmtDqGEKpeI/AAAAAAAAKVc/cle8b2zGhrs/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B45%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[45]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[45]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-gltlEwUmWQI/UmtDqmwtW1I/AAAAAAAAKVk/iY9ZWf5iEQ4/clip_image001%25255B45%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Proses pengasingan dilakukan selepas thawing dan empar</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-hRtJGadIFpc/UmtDrlIsm7I/AAAAAAAAKVs/t82BQXEPq60/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B46%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[46]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[46]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-yDoMzLePKqk/UmtDsYWB8dI/AAAAAAAAKV0/6GzBB5jQ9RM/clip_image001%25255B46%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Penyimpanan komponen ini adalah berbeza</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Cryoprecipitate pada suhu – 40 ºc selama 2 tahun</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Cryosupernatant pada suhu – 25 ºc selama 1 tahun</font></p> <p align="justify"><strong><u><font size="4">Proses Penyediaan</font></u></strong></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-42F-KtdxYEo/UmtDt-YEA6I/AAAAAAAAKV8/inr0b3nnW_A/s1600-h/image%25255B30%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-42F-KtdxYEo/UmtDt-YEA6I/AAAAAAAAKYY/toa7TfXQ03I/s1600-h/image%25255B32%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-oVYL-U6zGYE/UmtEuuF3ryI/AAAAAAAAKYg/JZDdRQdRj3Q/image_thumb%25255B12%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="474" height="638" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4">PENYEDIAAN KOMPONEN AFERESIS</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYZ9qgBazc0WkRO2x6-KGb5gQBmyULag0vhhcxnPIiKpt6SY2UU53VN0Ia_dCWJyTQAkFBQqyl-hTvQdJsqz2OHCSiTRc0xnF-rLOyBcMvr2cTizXRbt7fp7PSO5UFL1ffriQfjD_PBsM/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B51%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[51]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[51]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-E6zaXPV1J-o/UmtEwbWNYnI/AAAAAAAAKYw/EEMf8keMI4U/clip_image001%25255B51%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Kaedah- kaedah Aferesis</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong>*Cytopheresis</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Proses di mana seperti elemen-elemen darah seperti platelate, plasma dan leukosit dipisahkan dari darah penderma</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*<strong>Plasmapheresis</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Pemungutan plasma daripada darah penuh dimana plasma diasingkan dan sel darah bersama komponen lain dipindahkan semula ke badan penderma</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-BoRBzSlKWc0/UmtExGB7y6I/AAAAAAAAKY0/bLfmkgtY0mg/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B52%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[52]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[52]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-RANcT2vWNKI/UmtExzDoGrI/AAAAAAAAKZA/TXDLiz1ug_Y/clip_image001%25255B52%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Penderma boleh menderma</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Program biasa setiap 2 minggu sekali 600 mL</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Program bersiri setiap 48 jam jika keadaan penderma mengiznkan tidak melebihi 1000 mL</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-jF6PPEdRcvs/UmtEywlkevI/AAAAAAAAKZI/typieFLljKU/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B53%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[53]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[53]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-P9mtQm2tt94/UmtEzsCsq5I/AAAAAAAAKZQ/cIZzJG0diC4/clip_image001%25255B53%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Teknik Pemungutan secara automasi</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Secara tekanan dan pengemparan iaitu pemungutan darah berdasarkan density komponen</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Filtration membrane iaitu komponen terhasil bergantung kepada saiz liang membran yang digunakan</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-7RWNZ72ptzc/UmtE0YMkKmI/AAAAAAAAKZY/mRFUY21rdwc/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B57%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[57]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[57]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-m9288fGjTeI/UmtE1DTuGdI/AAAAAAAAKZg/ZpPrW_GxeSI/clip_image001%25255B57%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Kaedah automasi</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Continous Flow Centrifugaton (CFC)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Menggunakan dua pembuluh darah yang berbeza untuk mengeluarkan darah dan memindakan kembali komponen darah kepada penderma</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">* Intermittent Flow Centrifugaton (IFC)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Menggunakan satu pembuluh darah untuk mengeluarkan dan memindahkan kembali komponen darah kepada penderma</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-62756987654359565782013-10-25T19:47:00.001-07:002013-10-25T19:47:10.121-07:00PAP SMEAR<p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>JENIS SAMPEL</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Spesimen smear pap yang dihantar ke Makmal Sitologi terdiri daripada dua jenis iaitu :</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*teknik konvensional smear pap</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*<i>liquid based preparation</i></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>PERALATAN</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-U4jFYf2dRRE/Umssqg1fZ-I/AAAAAAAAKI8/NFgKvx70UGY/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B3%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001" border="0" alt="clip_image001" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghjUXCPORpJNdz3oEu4OQ2xfLL4nwwHgmkwI0CwonyaqVnHclhPd0pxVwdddmM9g3zDWleVev9-5prmH8sdZYFegcnkSZtO-0_O2D2uzjoUf8Fqh8U_wT5HvEhZt2bu4uMKU1of0d4sNE/?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Peralatan yang digunakan untuk pengambilan sampel smear pap dari serviks ini adalah:</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-38WJAbjOT0I/UmsstXRxwUI/AAAAAAAAKJM/35FnfjslSQg/s1600-h/image%25255B8%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-GbmzPhBMuic/Umssu-s7YlI/AAAAAAAAKJU/o8rFGY12I9A/image_thumb%25255B2%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="154" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Ayre’s spatula</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Cytobrush</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ZPGqOsxgYso/UmssvwtGEwI/AAAAAAAAKJc/TjtkPwd_u4k/s1600-h/image%25255B5%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-msI6OWv_5SQ/UmssxXCSWQI/AAAAAAAAKJk/SUNAUUsL3jY/image_thumb%25255B1%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="233" height="191" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Speculum</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-NGfoJaN1Wns/UmsszNjnX4I/AAAAAAAAKJs/TJFw6sdrsQQ/s1600-h/image%25255B11%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-JqsUl6RngVI/Umss1U-CGTI/AAAAAAAAKJ0/LTTHThj49W4/image_thumb%25255B3%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="185" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Glove</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Fixative(LBP)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Lubricating jelly</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-DRwCdBSbNjM/Umss3LojPvI/AAAAAAAAKJ8/P52tJ_qFAt8/s1600-h/image%25255B14%25255D.png"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-V_S5ftnor94/Umss43UkY_I/AAAAAAAAKKE/vQTOEjcMZXw/image_thumb%25255B4%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="197" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Glass slide with casing</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>INTERPRETASI / KEPUTUSAN</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM)</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-UT4kmBYCZYo/Umss6Oexb6I/AAAAAAAAKKM/uNWMnL_R0fo/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B4%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[4]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[4]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-z0tA9AwTYec/Umss6-UnU0I/AAAAAAAAKKU/x2ZzccBgoY8/clip_image001%25255B4%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Keadaan di mana smear pap akan dikategorikan sebagai NILM jika tiada bukti menunjukkan kehadiran sel-sel abnormal(keabnormalan pada sel-sel epithelia).</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-lAewi11PZ5U/Umss70agFBI/AAAAAAAAKKc/I7-RLcs9cTI/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B5%25255D%25255B2%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[5]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[5]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-d4BE4a_vohg/Umss88dzGUI/AAAAAAAAKKk/kzATKQGv1Kk/clip_image001%25255B5%25255D_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Jangkitan organism dan juga lain-lain penemuan yang bukan neoplastik( <i>other non-neoplastic findings</i> ) akan turut dilaporkan sebagai NILM untuk mengelakkan kekeliruan dan kesamaran dalam mendiagnos smear pap ini.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>SMEAR MEMUASKAN ATYPICAL GLANDULAR CELLS AND ADENOCARCINOMA</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-CyrLq38wZ-A/Umss9317goI/AAAAAAAAKKs/N9LsQ1Sr2es/s1600-h/image%25255B17%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-CyrLq38wZ-A/Umss9317goI/AAAAAAAAKK0/5SL_m744DDQ/s1600-h/image%25255B25%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-c2OkexluMDo/UmstBJbQ7jI/AAAAAAAAKK8/tOX6ZnR3354/image_thumb%25255B9%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="484" height="379" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><u><strong>SMEAR MEMUASKAN ATYPICAL SQUAMOUS CELLS</strong></u></font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4"></font></i></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-_sy1I6pcj9I/UmstCjjoLuI/AAAAAAAAKLE/8-hYQMj1tQ0/s1600-h/image%25255B20%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-_sy1I6pcj9I/UmstCjjoLuI/AAAAAAAAKLM/gHkAlbQfy2I/s1600-h/image%25255B26%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-50CPWfi0fOs/UmstFhZ9e7I/AAAAAAAAKLU/bumR6KfiQnY/image_thumb%25255B10%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="487" height="431" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>SMEAR MEMUASKAN LOW-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (LSIL)</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Mup3cBQtfSw/UmstG4Y51VI/AAAAAAAAKLc/uijESzi2mjg/s1600-h/image%25255B23%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Mup3cBQtfSw/UmstG4Y51VI/AAAAAAAAKLk/dZJ4MlAhqAg/s1600-h/image%25255B28%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-U5uSb4XAacw/UmstK5j5Y6I/AAAAAAAAKLs/5sD5uTWy6XY/image_thumb%25255B12%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="481" height="540" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><strong><u><font size="4">SMEAR MEMUASKAN HIGH GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (HSIL) AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA</font></u></strong></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><i>*HIGH-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (HSIL) / SUSPICIOUS FOR INVASION = </i>Rujuk untuk kolposkopi</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*<i>SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA = </i>Rujuk ginekologist / Onkologist</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><strong><u><font size="4">SMEAR TIDAK MEMUASKAN</font></u></strong></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Ulangi smear dalam masa 3-6 bulan</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><b><u><font size="4">RUJUKAN</font></u></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Ø Atlas of Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2<sup>nd </sup><sub></sub>edition. Gabriela J. L. Kocjan .1997 Churchill Livindstone.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Ø The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology : Definitions, Criteria and Explanatory notes, 2<sup>nd </sup><sub></sub>edition.Diane Solomon and Ritu Nayar. Springer .2004. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Ø Diagnostic Cytology and Its Histopathologic Bases . 5<sup>th </sup>edition. Leopold G. Koss and Myron R. Melamed . Lippinott Willians and Wilkins. 2006</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-40278507482850323782013-10-25T19:27:00.001-07:002013-10-25T19:27:56.350-07:00PAP SMEAR<p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>PENGENALAN</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-tR-a5dO2Kqc/UmsniimBwOI/AAAAAAAAKBU/YFrmY-igIr8/s1600-h/clip_image0023.jpg"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; border-left-width: 0px; margin-right: auto; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image002" border="0" hspace="12" alt="clip_image002" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-2adJmLD3WJI/Umsnjj8ATDI/AAAAAAAAKBc/5gU2kbXCDeE/clip_image002_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="155" height="244" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Dr. George N. Papanicolaou dilahirkan pada tahun 1883 di Kymi,Yunani. Beilau merupakan seorang doktor dan ahli anatomi berbangsa Yunani yang berkhidmat di United States. Dr. George N. Papanicolaou meninggal dunia pada usia 79 tahun disebabkan oleh serangan jantung dan edema pulmonari. Jenazahnya disemadikan di New Jersey. Selama hayatnya, beliau telah berjaya menghasilkan lebih 150 karya mengenai bidang perubatan dan telah dianugerahkan dengan 53 pingat dan penghargaan. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Ujian smear pap atau turut dikenali sebagai ujian Papanicolaou yang diambil nama sempena pengasasnya iaitu Dr. George N. Papanicolaou. Ujian ini dilakukan dengan mengambil sedikit tisu dari pangkal serviks kemudian, tisu itu dihantar ke makmal untuk mengesan tisu-tisu yang abnormal dan berpotensi untuk berkembang menjadi kanser. Biasanya sel serviks tidak berubah menjadi sel kanser dalam jangka masa yang singkat. Sel yang normal akan mengalami beberapa fasa perubahan dalam jangka masa tertentu sebelum menjadi sel kanser.  Pap smear boleh mengesan perubahan pada sel di peringkat awal sebelum ia berubah menjadi sel kanser. Masa yang diambil bagi sel normal untuk menjadi sel kanser adalah di antara 2 hingga 10 tahun. Jadi, sekiranya pap smear dilakukan setiap 3 tahun, peluang untuk mengesan sel-sel yang berpotensi menjadi sel  kanser adalah cerah sebelum ia menjadi kanser serviks.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>TUJUAN SMEAR PAP DILAKUKAN</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Untuk mengesan inflamasi atau jangkitan bakteria / fungus pada bahagian sistem reproduktif wanita.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Untuk mengesan kanser serviks pada peringkat awal</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Untuk mengetahui tindakan susulan yang perlu diambil yang kes-kes yang positif.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Untuk mengesan penyakit tularan seks seperti Human Papilloma Virus, Trichomoniasis, Herpes Simplex Virus dan juga Moniliasis.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Untuk memberi rawatan yang sepatutnya mengikut penyakit yang dialami.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>GOLONGAN YANG BERISIKO UNTUK MENDAPAT KANSER SERVIKS</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Wanita yang mengalami pendarahan semasa atau selepas melakukan hubungan seks (post-coital bleeding) atau pendarahan abnormal yang tidak tetap</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Wanita yang telah dijangkiti oleh Human Papilloma Virus.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Wanita yang mempunyai pasangan yang mengamalkan hubungan seks bebas</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Wanita yang mengadakan hubungan seks pada usia sebelum 18 tahun atau yang berkahwin pada usia yang muda.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Wanita yang berumur iaitu lebih daripada 35 tahun.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Wanita yng mengamalkan seks rambang atau mempunyai lebih daripada tiga pasangan seks.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>JENIS-JENIS SPESIMEN SMEAR PAP</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Cervical scrape</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Vaginal pool </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Lateral vaginal wall scrape</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Vulva cytology</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Posteriar fornix aspirate </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>CARTA ALIR EVOLUSI SISTEM SMEAR PAP</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><strong><u><font size="4"></font></u></strong></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-pmqwUFUnEgM/UmsnknHnt0I/AAAAAAAAKBk/dUHeoyQsJ0g/s1600-h/image2.png"><font size="4"></font><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-pmqwUFUnEgM/UmsnknHnt0I/AAAAAAAAKBs/Ja-oDBBDMk0/s1600-h/image33.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-7eRKWM6HlgY/Umsnmf3uYtI/AAAAAAAAKB0/3YdtyZcSOvQ/image_thumb17.png?imgmax=800" width="382" height="344" /></a></a></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u></u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>PAP CLASSIFICATION 1941</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-F6rNzj0e4A4/UmsnnGEBUCI/AAAAAAAAKB8/OWmWlaAP4E8/s1600-h/clip_image00112.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[1]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[1]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-BAE1PPWzw-c/Umsnn_fBjlI/AAAAAAAAKCE/gekC8-mDKcM/clip_image0011_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Sistem yang digunakan adalah berasaskan lima kumpulan(Kelas I hingga V) yang telah dibahagi mengikut darjah keterukan pada sel seseorang wanita tersebut. Tiada pengelasan yang khusus bagi lesi pre kanser contohnya normal,benign, dan infeksi digolongkan dalam satu kelas iaitu <i>Class I.</i></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-7n7wlN0Pgzk/UmsnomsrW8I/AAAAAAAAKCM/UFC7S848KeA/s1600-h/clip_image00122%25255B1%25255D.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[2]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[2]" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlXAsDDa2NcEsgMWeAYlr1BDuFCsuLAGyt_gWin6Uo5dYRfQnVvpUz14jglMFKrE753q4fB43V2TohyrzbvMFKWUTjPh8TJrzJcuUBRnoXP70-YyU3U30Wta8XSwUAM8i_Qlk4O9UR-2o/?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Pengelasan lima kumpulan berkenaan adalah seperti berikut :</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-E8sFP7pOkVQ/UmsnqN2pr5I/AAAAAAAAKCc/rT0Jk65hMyA/s1600-h/image5.png"><font size="4"></font><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-E8sFP7pOkVQ/UmsnqN2pr5I/AAAAAAAAKCk/shOCVYUNB-k/s1600-h/image32.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-RvVls2IXqy4/Umsnrx0JtZI/AAAAAAAAKCs/Ud0WyNfxDMk/image_thumb16.png?imgmax=800" width="501" height="290" /></a></a></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u></u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>CERVICAL DYSPLASIA-CIS CLASSIFICATION</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-COOJbrKayY4/UmsnsuWSMlI/AAAAAAAAKC0/yUc42A7446Y/s1600-h/clip_image00152.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[5]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[5]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-cf5qzDfY9d0/UmsntTmgkDI/AAAAAAAAKC8/xm1I7fjvhs0/clip_image0015_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Displasia servikal merupakan satu keabnormalan apabila sel-sel yang diperoleh dari bahagian serviks kelihatan berbeza daripada sel normal. Walaupun ia masih tidak dapat dikategorikan sebagai kanser namun, ia tetap bahaya kepada para wanita.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-UDARmbfairs/UmsnucpOfpI/AAAAAAAAKDE/Bu4BA63fafE/s1600-h/clip_image00162.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[6]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[6]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-obLfRYF5Wto/UmsnvOqpl9I/AAAAAAAAKDM/n6q1zutJ7Io/clip_image0016_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Displasia ini dibahagikan kepada empat kumpulan iaitu :</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-0iIA7vTZKII/UmsnwYUXTaI/AAAAAAAAKDU/dL8xHZlIta4/s1600-h/image8.png"><font size="4"></font><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-0iIA7vTZKII/UmsnwYUXTaI/AAAAAAAAKDc/3X2Gw_ojQy4/s1600-h/image30.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-KVcxCUdfdVg/UmsnzvRZy1I/AAAAAAAAKDk/xnz5TFnqj5Q/image_thumb14.png?imgmax=800" width="476" height="301" /></a></a></a></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-cdd2NUJC7cM/Umsn2Y31KcI/AAAAAAAAKDs/590pt9l0AXY/s1600-h/image11.png"><font size="4"></font><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-cdd2NUJC7cM/Umsn2Y31KcI/AAAAAAAAKD0/QNCC9AUwGFE/s1600-h/image29.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-WYeEf4pLKtg/Umsn7Ub1jLI/AAAAAAAAKD8/xnET7f6Kd5c/image_thumb13.png?imgmax=800" width="483" height="335" /></a></a></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Gambar di atas menunjukkan perubahan daripada sel normal kepada kanser invasif.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u></u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>CIN CLASSIFICATION</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-pdeARv6cyvI/Umsn7ya_rpI/AAAAAAAAKEE/xFrvsBWtJLQ/s1600-h/clip_image00192.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[9]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[9]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-FkFHPZzi_PQ/Umsn8zAtayI/AAAAAAAAKEM/hdUBw0qet1w/clip_image0019_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> <i>Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia </i>(CIN) dibahagikan kepada tiga kumpulan :</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-2tes7cndEB0/Umsn9q7F4fI/AAAAAAAAKEU/OlfCeNTTzbc/s1600-h/image14.png"><font size="4"></font><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-2tes7cndEB0/Umsn9q7F4fI/AAAAAAAAKEc/tK0BCO1CYSY/s1600-h/image28.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-PbW5HGaufJ0/Umsn_v6wBcI/AAAAAAAAKEk/iwH8H2v4QqQ/image_thumb12.png?imgmax=800" width="465" height="210" /></a></a></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-1HuSjkDQWS0/UmsoBUvyVKI/AAAAAAAAKEs/OSAac2C9-M0/s1600-h/image17.png"><font size="4"></font><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-1HuSjkDQWS0/UmsoBUvyVKI/AAAAAAAAKE0/oKp6-lbAOvM/s1600-h/image27.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-4wa4rbap9_Y/UmsoG8mfWPI/AAAAAAAAKE8/Xq1pUDHImC4/image_thumb11.png?imgmax=800" width="471" height="316" /></a></a></a></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-qCgFUYHfqhQ/UmsoH0yCvFI/AAAAAAAAKFE/S8ZE2PIUf_4/s1600-h/clip_image001112.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[11]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[11]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ee9SZojVZKs/UmsoIiXLcyI/AAAAAAAAKFM/quKKLngpMoY/clip_image00111_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Pengelasan kumpulan ini dibuat bergantung kepada pecahan ketebalan sel yang membahagi dan membezakan di antara sel-sel.<u></u></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-jbo2YHnQAug/UmsoJYnjuAI/AAAAAAAAKFU/GBjcxDdzVFE/s1600-h/clip_image001122.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[12]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[12]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-TwEAt_GcUlU/UmsoKa1JPaI/AAAAAAAAKFc/pDxvoXEZ1p0/clip_image00112_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> CIN I adalah sama dengan Low Grade Sil(LSIL) manakala CIN II dan CIN III adalah sama dengan High Grade Sil(HSIL) yang terkandung dalam Sistem Bethesda.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-drezs__ad_I/UmsoOsvXpxI/AAAAAAAAKFk/uo7HgFTmfIY/s1600-h/image20.png"><font size="4"></font><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-drezs__ad_I/UmsoOsvXpxI/AAAAAAAAKFs/fqAB6proq48/s1600-h/image25.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-76wbS2MfzAg/UmsoafxulbI/AAAAAAAAKF0/BC6amJ7slSQ/image_thumb9.png?imgmax=800" width="448" height="331" /></a></a></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Gambar di atas menunjukkan perubahan daripada sel normal kepada CIN I, CIN II dan seterusnya CIN III.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u></u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><u>ELEMEN PENTING DALAM SISTEM LAPORAN BETHESDA</u></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-nSwKsZjLcEA/UmsobLTwH0I/AAAAAAAAKF8/mMAW25PTGx4/s1600-h/clip_image001152.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[15]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[15]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-kzVodzbl_os/UmsocYX2b5I/AAAAAAAAKGE/YOc8luCpA_Y/clip_image00115_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Jenis spesimen</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-NhVx55IvD18/UmsodCHTZ3I/AAAAAAAAKGM/-r1xgAqMd2c/s1600-h/image23.png"><font size="4"></font><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-NhVx55IvD18/UmsodCHTZ3I/AAAAAAAAKGU/4glAThfcnsk/s1600-h/image24.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-0dWILJErchQ/Umsoe7l__GI/AAAAAAAAKGc/VZFk7o85hgg/image_thumb8.png?imgmax=800" width="325" height="107" /></a></a></a></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-8EaC3hG9z88/UmsofYhN_vI/AAAAAAAAKGk/hqR0r5QJ1G4/s1600-h/clip_image001172.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[17]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[17]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-3A1O9g_XhW0/UmsogSJjo2I/AAAAAAAAKGs/JkY1J869iBI/clip_image00117_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Kecukupan sampel (<i>sampel adequacy</i>)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"> <i>Satisfactory for evaluation</i></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Kehadiran atau ketiadaan sel endoservikal/sel dari zon transformasi<i></i></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"> <i>Unsatisfactory for evaluation</i></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-KzP1RXtbfRA/UmsogxvXs4I/AAAAAAAAKG0/C6AeT-sdtN4/s1600-h/clip_image001182.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[18]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[18]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-D_59o-5hX2w/Umsoh1TyKJI/AAAAAAAAKG8/7dNChOGzWSs/clip_image00118_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Interpretasi / keputusan</font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM)</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><strong><u><font size="4">Organism present</font></u></strong></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Fungal consistent with<em> Candida spp</em></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Cellular changes associated with <em>Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)</em></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Shift in flora suggestive of <em>Bacterial vaginosis</em></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•<em>Trichomonas vaginalis</em></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Bacteria morphological consistent with <em>Actinomyces spp</em></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">Other non-neoplastic findings :</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNcqfCb9ZK26Jt8qjIA6y12eyIRDH53o70Jchgdqdv93cIu8VdlzgRoP9965VdOsWkMTdxmndNQtIJiRtxUW6wBVyXwf8tOfDFDzNbqXekQx22ljK6kjjoGDP7q5thuhNn5CIo0lLmesA/s1600-h/clip_image001212.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[21]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[21]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-8lfIP3vS-Cg/UmsojR5my9I/AAAAAAAAKHM/4XdIkVpJ1uA/clip_image00121_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> <i>Benign cellular changes associated with :</i></font></p> <ul> <li> <div align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Inflammation / typical repair</font></i></div> </li> <li> <div align="justify"><i><font size="4">*irradiation</font></i></div> </li> <li> <div align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD)</font></i></div> </li> <li> <div align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Atrophy</font></i></div> </li> </ul> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-g1VLWy0Alwk/Umsoj8kuCrI/AAAAAAAAKHU/yWLk5n4U6KU/s1600-h/clip_image001222.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[22]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[22]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Zxsvc21UlYY/UmsokpDA7hI/AAAAAAAAKHc/8Zf3ywn_Yoc/clip_image00122_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Kehadiran sel glandular bagi <i>post hysterectomy</i></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-OnP5WGrDAH0/UmsolcRAr-I/AAAAAAAAKHk/JmI61CntyGU/s1600-h/clip_image001232.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[23]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[23]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-pf8l2vbBiOE/UmsomOvhmAI/AAAAAAAAKHs/FE9Bsh4vLe0/clip_image00123_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Kehadiran sel endometrial (pada wanita 40 tahun dan ke atas)<i></i></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Keabnormalan sel epithelia</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-XbzeA4B4i44/UmsonCwOH7I/AAAAAAAAKH0/6J4FTvlP3ro/s1600-h/clip_image001242.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[24]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[24]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-NuS-SstI_QA/UmsonlXrhfI/AAAAAAAAKH8/EyX3TUZP4EY/clip_image00124_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Sel skuamous :</font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Atypical squamous cells</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Of undetermined significance (ASC-US)</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H)</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL)</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">*High squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Features suspicious for invasion</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Squamous cell carcinoma</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-wAgr_kWna3c/UmsooesYJNI/AAAAAAAAKIE/1hHWcHGuZq4/s1600-h/clip_image001252.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[25]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[25]" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-WzXaNlPeMEw/UmsopAsCFiI/AAAAAAAAKIM/7bknRe-OiCA/clip_image00125_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Sel glandular</font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">Atypical cells (NOS) :</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Sel endoservikal</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Sel endometrial</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Sel glandular</font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Atypical cells, favour neoplastic</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Sel endoservikal</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Sel glandular (NOS)</font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Endocervical adenocarcinoma (in-situ)</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Adenocarcinoma<i></i></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Endoservikal</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">*Endometrial</font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Extrauterine</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4">*Not otherwise specified (NOS)</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Other malignant neoplasm, specify :</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-zb2G9EBY5oo/UmsopvZjM3I/AAAAAAAAKIQ/pxa3rZYeplM/s1600-h/clip_image001262.gif"><font size="4"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="clip_image001[26]" border="0" alt="clip_image001[26]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Uu0nsSUOVHg/UmsoqT1eisI/AAAAAAAAKIc/QkGIj76xz_A/clip_image00126_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" width="15" height="15" /></font></a><font size="4"> Komen/Ulasan</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Dilakukan oleh pakar patologi</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><strong><u><font size="4"></font></u></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><u><font size="4">Cadangan </font></u></strong></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Repeat smear after oestrogen theraphy</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Repeat smear in 1 year</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Colposcopy and biopsy </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Refer to Gynaecologist / gynaecological Oncologist</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•HPV DNA</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Repeat smear after antibiotic treatment</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Repeat smear in 3 to 6 months</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">•Repeat smear as scheduled</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-68071155770675387362013-10-10T03:50:00.001-07:002013-10-10T03:50:48.789-07:00JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS (JE)<p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-IQOKxAmhRHU/UlaGTiUqBwI/AAAAAAAAKAM/7pRT3T27-V4/s1600-h/image%25255B3%25255D.png"><font size="4"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-IQOKxAmhRHU/UlaGTiUqBwI/AAAAAAAAKAU/OtY7zy1D1JM/s1600-h/image%25255B9%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-wYO0-uPSy8Y/UlaGbftlhWI/AAAAAAAAKAc/jU2WI3xzXU8/image_thumb%25255B5%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="593" height="391" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Figure 1 kawasan JE</font></p> <p align="justify"><u><font size="4"></font></u></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><b>MAKSUD:</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Japanese Encephalitis (JE) adalah sejenis penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus yang disebarkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Culex.</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><b>TANDA-TANDA PENYAKIT JE:</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Demam</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Sakit Kepala</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Lemah anggota badan (malasise)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Resah meracau (confusion)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Mengantuk (drowsy)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Sawan (convulsion/fits)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Tidak sedar diri (coma)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><b>CARA JE MEREBAK:</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-LFs3aM7zx8Y/UlaGck6iX9I/AAAAAAAAKAk/6Q0P0dA5moI/s1600-h/image%25255B8%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-tvtTpJhCJOI/UlaGdt3BKPI/AAAAAAAAKAs/bSQQmzkbyZg/image_thumb%25255B4%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="586" height="355" /></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Figure 2 kitar hidup</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Penyakit JE tidak boleh merebak dari manusia kepada manusia. Manusia tidak akan mendapat penyakit ini dengan memakan daging khinzir. Virus JE membiak di dalam tubuh khinzir . Apabila nyamuk betina Culex menghisap darah khinzir, ia membawa bersama virus JE. Selepas 14 hari nyamuk ini berupaya untuk menyebarkan virus JE kepada perumah baru (khinzir). Manusia boleh mendapat jangkitan JE jika digigit oleh nyamuk Culex yang membawa virus. Namun manusia adalah perumah terakhir.</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><b>CARA  MENCEGAH  PENYAKIT JE:</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4">Elakkan daripada gigitan nyamuk</font></b></p> <ul> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4">.Tidur dalam kelambu</font></div> </li> </ul> <p align="justify"><font size="4">·Menggunakan ubat racun serangga (lingkaran nyamuk, repellent, aerosol spray dll).</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">·Memasang jejaring nyamuk di tingkap.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">·Memakai baju lengan panjang dan seluar panjang semasa berada di kawasan kandang khinzir.</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4">Hapuskan tempat pembiakan nyamuk Culex</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Menyediakan saluran perparitan yang sempurna.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Menimbus lopak-lopak air.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Menjaga kebersihan sekitar ladang ternakan khinzir.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Membuat semburan racun serangga di sekitar ladang khinzir<b>.</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><b>SUNTIKAN VAKSIN JE:</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Pekerja ladang khinzir</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">· Mereka yang tinggal di landang khinzir (dalam lingkungan 2 km) terutamanya kanak-kanak.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><b>Jadual Pemberian Vaksin</b><b></b></font></p> <p align="justify"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0"><tbody> <tr> <td width="26%"> <p><font size="4">Dos Pertama</font></p> </td> <td width="74%"> <p><font size="4">waktu</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="26%"> <p><font size="4">Dos Kedua</font></p> </td> <td width="74%"> <p><font size="4">Hari ke 7 hingga ke 14 selepas Dos Pertama</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="26%"> <p><font size="4">Dos Ketiga</font></p> </td> <td width="74%"> <p><font size="4">6 bulan hingga 1 tahun selepas Dos Kedua</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="26%"> <p><font size="4">Dos Tambahan</font></p> </td> <td width="74%"> <p><font size="4">Tiga tahun selepas Doa Ketiga</font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-oV2PT-wl674/UlaGf0GFFjI/AAAAAAAAKA0/By9sllOWziE/s1600-h/image%25255B13%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-UoNVySGKaEU/UlaGhisGhGI/AAAAAAAAKA8/LslhyRdnSpM/image_thumb%25255B7%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="477" height="219" /></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Figure 3 pemberian vaksin</font></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-50268140027349459262013-04-23T19:25:00.001-07:002013-04-23T19:25:51.819-07:00Jaundis<p align="justify"><img style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Q_HGo2KN_dDbArEkXIbcSJjfW_QO0HI0TfzuMabDagI8vvgc7xsAPSibenHeY-04NLh0eg8EUxDnhE3jnYZaN5nkdDdWAfBfMq98ztvbzaTe_psgstyQi_nSPxMjVrnBXiJNzibe5u_V/s320/jaundice.jpg" /></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Jaundis merupakan penyakit yang biasa dialami bayi yang baru dilahirkan. Lazimnya ia dapat dikesan selepas 24 jam bayi itu dilahirkan. Hari ini, sekitar 50 peratus bayi yang dilahirkan mendapat jaundis. Biarpun jaundis adalah suatu penyakit yang biasa dihidapi bayi namun ia boleh menjejaskan kesihatan bayi. Jaundis yang teruk, jika tidak ditangani dengan betul boleh mengundang risiko. Bayi boleh menjadi pekak dan kemungkinan kerosakan otak.</font></p> <p align="justify"><img style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTN-yoXymRyyKcQ3ueYY55fOqgdPESE7qGMx8tFfYfWq9igrQ1Dzg" /></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Jaundis bermaksud kehadiran warna kuning di bahagian kulit bayi dan bahagian putih mata (Sklera)  yang disebabkan oleh terlalu banyak mendapan bilirubin di dalam badan.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><img style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" src="http://img103.fansshare.com/pic24/w/non-celebrity/1200/7920_anatomy_of_the_eyeball_iris_cornea_sclera_choroid_retina_macula_lutea_fovea_centrlais_posterior_pole.jpg" width="516" height="381" /> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Bilirubin dihasilkan secara berterusan di dalam badan tetapi ia dinyahkan daripada badan dengan pantas berbanding penghasilannya. Maknanya, jaundis tidak akan berlaku selagi bilirubin dapat disingkirkan dengan cepat berbanding penghasilannya di dalam badan. Jaundis terjadi akibat pengeluaran bilirubin yang berlebihan dan tidak dapat dinyahkan oleh hati. Lebihan bilirubin itu akan mengalir melalui saluran darah ke lain-lain bahagian badan dan menyebabkan kulit menjadi kuning. Ia berkemungkinan disebabkan oleh proses penyingkiran bilirubin oleh organ hati yang begitu perlahan.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Paras kepekatan bilirubin yang begitu tinggi dan berada lama di dalam darah boleh merosakkan otak bayi. Justeru ibu bapa perlu peka dengan keadaan bayi, bayi perlu mendapat rawatan segera, tanpa mengira apakah puncanya.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong>Segera Dapatkan Rawatan</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Apa yang penting, bayi <i>perlu diberi rawatan secepat mungkin apabila paras kepekatan bilirubin sangat tinggi. Ia boleh mengelak terjadinya kenicterus.</i></font></p> <p align="justify"><img style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" src="http://www.walgreens.com/library/graphics/images/en/22694.jpg" /></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Kenicterus yang asalnya daripada dua perkataan Greek adalah nama yang diberikan kepada kerosakan otak akibat bilirubin yang berlebihan dan melekat di otak. Ibu bapa tidak perlu risau sekiranya, paras jaundis bayi adalah rendah kerana ia tidak begitu membahayakan.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong>Jenis Jaundis</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Selain jaundis biasa terdapat sejenis jaundis yang dikenali sebagai jaundis fisiologikal.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Jaundis ini berlaku di kalangan bayi yang baru lahir. Pada kebanyakan bayi yang baru dilahirkan, sel darah merah yang berlebihan akan pecah dan disingkirkan daripada tubuhnya. Sel-sel darah merah yang terpecah ini pula akan membebaskan pigmen bilirubin. Ia juga mungkin membebaskan pigmen bilirubin.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Hal ini terjadi, disebabkan hati bayi yang baru lahir itu belum matang dan tidak mampu mengendalikan penghasilan bilirubin yang berlebihan. Ini juga bermakna bilirubin ini tidak dapat disingkirkan dengan secepat yang dikehendaki lantas mengakibatkan jaundis.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Biasanya jaundis fisiologikal ini berlaku di kalangan bayi yang berusia 3 - 4 hari dan mungkin berlarutan sehingga 5 - 7 hari.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong>Punca Jaundis</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Perbezaan kumpulan darah antara ibu dan anak juga boleh menyebabkan jaundis. Selain itu jaundis mungkin juga disebabkan sel darah merah yang tidak normal seperti kekurangan G6PD (Glucose-6-Phosphate- Dehydrogenase). Bayi yang menghidap jangkitan boleh juga mendapat jaundis. Bawalah bayi ke hospital untuk mendapatkan rawatan lanjut.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong>Jaundis dan Risikonya</strong> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Ibu bapa diingatkan bahawa jaundis yang teruk boleh menjejaskan otak dan merosakkan otak bayi. Ia berlaku khususnya kepada bayi yang mempunyai sel darah merah yang abnormal, kekurangan G6PD dan Rhesus yang tidak sesuai dengan ibunya. Keadaan ini menyebabkan paras bilirubin menjadi sangat tinggi di dalam darah. Apa yang tidak diketahui sehingga ini ialah sama ada kerosakan otak akan berlaku juga pada bayi yang mempunyai sel darah merah yang normal.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Terdapat bukti-bukti saintifik menunjukkan jaundis jarang berlaku pada bayi yang mempunyai sel darah merah yang normal. Kebaikan paras bilirubin rendah mahupun ringan tidak dapat dipastikan tetapi sesuatu yang pasti, bilirubin mempunyai agen anti- oksidan namun kepentingannya tidak diketahui. Apa yang diketahui ialah paras bilirubin yang rendah tidak memudaratkan bayi. Majoriti bayi yang menghidapi jaundis yang teruk membesar menjadi kanak-kanak yang normal.</font></p> <p align="justify"><img style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" src="http://familymedicinehelp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/types_of_cerebral-palsy.gif" /></p> <p align="justify"><img style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" src="http://www.netterimages.com/images/vpv/000/000/007/7049-0550x0475.jpg" /></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Bagaimanapun hanya segelintir yang menghadapi jaundis teruk  mempunyai risiko menghidapi <strong>cerebral palsy</strong> atau palsi serebrum dan pekak. Tanda-tanda penyakit palsi ini mungkin tiada sehinggalah bayi membesar dan berkembang.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Bayi perlu menjalani pemeriksaan oleh pakar pediatrik bagi mencari bukti kehadiran palsi serebrum. Biasanya pemeriksaan perlu dijalankan dua hingga empat kali setahun untuk tempoh dua tahun pertama. Bayi yang menghidap jaundis biasanya mengalami najis berwarna kekuningan atau kehijauan. Najis berwarna pucat di kalangan bayi itu memberi isyarat penting bagi anda untuk membawanya berjumpa doktor untuk rawatan seterusnya.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Najis berwarna pucat bermakna terdapat penyekatan saluran hempedu di antara hati dan usus kecil. Jaundis biasanya tidak memudaratkan namun jangan diambil mudah. Berjumpalah dengan doktor untuk mendapat rawatan segera bagi mengelakkan perkara yang tidak diingini berlaku.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong>Rawatan Hospital</strong> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Sekiranya bayi dimasukkan ke wad kerana jaundis, ia tidak mengambil masa yang begitu panjang atau lama. Selalunya bayi masih mengalami sedikit kekuningan dibenarkan untuk dibawa pulang. </font></p> <p align="justify"><img style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTuvy3tPyO3JVFCWgCx5Ukzli5AdZ2kmFI4PWsLdAmot_qslbW5" /></p> <p align="justify"><img style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" src="http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_center/newborn_care/images_86443/1049311006403.jaundiceBABY.jpg" /></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Bayi yang mendapat jaundis ini akan diberi rawatan di bawah sinar cahaya atau rawatan fototerapi untuk beberapa hari. </font><font size="4">Kekuningan itu akan hilang dalam beberapa hari sahaja. Bagaimanapun adalah penting bagi ibu atau bapa memastikan jaundis yang dialami bayi akan pulih sepenuhnya selepas tempoh tersebut. Demi memastikan bayi bebas jaundis, ibu bapa atau penjaganya perlu membawa bayi seminggu selepas bayi keluar dari hospital. <br />Mengenai pengambilan susu kambing oleh bayi yang menghidap jaundis, perbuatan itu wajar dielakkan.  Ini kerana susu kambing mengandungi zat-zat galian yang lebih tinggi berbanding susu lembu dan susu badan.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4">Ibu-ibu dinasihatkan meneruskan penyusuan kerana ia dapat membantu menurunkan kadar kekuningan bayi. Sememangnya susu ibu amat berharga dan terbaik dalam membantu mempercepatkan proses mengurangkan kekuningan pada bayi. <br />Setelah bayi mendapat susu yang cukup ia membantu mempercepatkan proses menyahkan bilirubin menerusi pembuangan air besar atau air kecil.</font></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-882422765195941772013-04-19T02:57:00.001-07:002013-04-19T06:36:39.328-07:00TEKNIK HISTOLOGI-PROSEDUR DI LAB TEKNIK HISTOLOGI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="43"></td> <td valign="top" width="414"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">TAJUK</span></b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="43"></td><td valign="top" width="414"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">PENYEDIAAN TISU HISTOPATOLOGI DAN FIKSASI</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">GROSSING </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">PEMOTONGAN TISU </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">PEMPROSESAN TISU</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">PENANAMAN BLOK TISU </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">COOLING </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">MIKROTOM</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">PENGANPUNGAN </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">PENGERINGAN DALAM OVEN</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">PERWARNAAN H & E</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">MOUNTING<u></u></span></b></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>1.0 </b><b><u>PENYEDIAAN TISU HISTOPATOLOGI DAN FIKSASI</u></b></span></div>
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">PRINSIP </span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Dalam proses pengambilan sampel , bahagian tisu yang diambil samada</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">biopsy , FNA @ pembedahan dihantar ke makmal bagi menjalankan </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">proses histopatologi yang seterusnaya. Fiksasi adalah untuk </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">mengelakkan perubahan bentuk dan juga isipadu pada tisu. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Tisu yang di fiksasikan bertujuan bagi penyimpanan dan bagi </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">memudahkan proses pendiagnosan sesuatu penyakit.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">RADAS/ BAHAN </span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">I. Dissection set ( Scalpel , Forcep , Gunting , Dissection </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Board , Pin )</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">II. Cholorofom</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">III. Normal saline </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">IV. Formalin 10%</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">V. Bikar </span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">KAEDAH </span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-fSq54vOu1wE/UXEOj_SciiI/AAAAAAAAI6Y/P4mVu9qgyF4/s1600-h/image3.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="405" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-p2WZINIqdw4/UXEOksMDq-I/AAAAAAAAI6g/U0C-rXQxXpM/image_thumb1.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="513" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">PEMBEDAHAN</span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-1U6H1TebLH0/UXEOl_ou4tI/AAAAAAAAI6o/uAZM8Az7qL0/s1600-h/1911201212673.jpg"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="191120121267" border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKVb7bm5QMMS5U5ETeEswwQnujLnKx7wVeltH4_kLkIZyLObd-9CEF85jWc48nYf-KHSeW4dtDAn7czQ6UpDmo1gyx9OdPuoCHHgsLUHeUvIxKp771_m-XW3a6T-v-aKTdnlYm52Kv6l4/?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="191120121267" width="306" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">ORGAN </span></u></b></div>
<b><u> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">GINJAL </span></u></b></div>
</td> <td valign="top" width="200"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">JANTUNG </span></u></b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ZmTdB7eNU00/UXEOnEQj9vI/AAAAAAAAI60/A2r-SmwGpOU/s1600-h/clip_image0037.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image003" border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVuWIsp5IF3tk0T0GV1uE0FOTM2J7w_x8BUpAviPnbbqHQiLifcnm0d7Nscak5YRNU22MfWh0tGMByDSTbUrozIT3cht3QKL6KjV7u-g9l1Wiut3Vk72Ge-5FIs2IXvG6fzlBw0O3D550/?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image003" width="141" /></span></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-slEoiMW0vx8/UXEOoGZsJ8I/AAAAAAAAI7I/Jk575014LVM/s1600-h/clip_image0057.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image005" border="0" height="128" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-PaEhbbgP2Uk/UXEOotn2dWI/AAAAAAAAI7Q/UdJRTdSS_Ww/clip_image005_thumb2.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image005" width="181" /></span></a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">PARU-PARU</span></u></b></div>
</td> <td valign="top" width="200"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">HATI </span></u></b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-JQN02miZwiA/UXEOpJ_C_KI/AAAAAAAAI7U/sDWkDd9U4P4/s1600-h/clip_image0076.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image007" border="0" height="119" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-uYD3H52Gj7c/UXEOpvk5XKI/AAAAAAAAI7g/difJbtURlG4/clip_image007_thumb1.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image007" width="143" /></span></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-uFoTjHGUxhU/UXEOqJz02pI/AAAAAAAAI7o/1Iam7JeXrf8/s1600-h/clip_image0098.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image009" border="0" height="122" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-5XjtDlRhtK0/UXEOqmqILII/AAAAAAAAI7w/0gA6Oev7K6A/clip_image009_thumb3.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image009" width="92" /></span></a><b><u></u></b></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</u></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>1.0 </b><b><u>GROSSING </u></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Dimana tisu di nilai melalui pemerhatia mata kasar. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Proses ini dilakukan oleh pakar patologi dengan melihat ciri-ciri seperti :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">ü Ukuran bahagia tisu </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">ü Struktur tisu ( warna , perubahan saiz , dan struktur histology )</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">ü Kesan-kesan fizikal – lesi / bengka</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">KAEDAH </span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-9DVx0ZoeZzM/UXEOrE2P7OI/AAAAAAAAI74/kEMUYpJRtOc/s1600-h/image7.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="298" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-2nZhVyHe4qk/UXEOr6axSUI/AAAAAAAAI8A/9X822-MH2Ts/image_thumb3.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="530" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">GAMBAR </span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-qrnzl1dKPsU/UXEOtzwXieI/AAAAAAAAI8I/lRqbpX8OMVA/s1600-h/image11.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="412" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-jxFL8dqN5uQ/UXEOwhTUWyI/AAAAAAAAI8Q/WhbFuf2PApc/image_thumb5.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="533" /></span></a></div>
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>1.0 </b><b><u>PEMOTONGAN TISU </u></b></span></div>
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Dimana tisu yang terpilih akan dipotong pasa saiz 3mm-5mm dengan </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">mengunakan skapel di atas papan pemotong. Seterusnya tisu tersebut </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">di masukkan ke dalam kaset bagi proses seterusnnya.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">ALAT RADAS </span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">I. Dissection set ( Scalpel , Forcep , Gunting , Dissection Board , Pin )</span></div>
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">KAEDAH </span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5aSiTmv3hgtvVvccILRBgiGPXP-QzPpT7oz9MxYFL7hwzAShufAEQu6KKh_auwMX2IzkEe1SzrKQvOx9XQY6NQwWWmdLQxStXdnhMnIIhlbWdGVrvJWkWP3HcgwFuzxjX9OayU9qCNps/s1600-h/image15.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="326" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Ycg7T4Zenjw/UXEOx6UV0OI/AAAAAAAAI8g/09tjYU0WVkA/image_thumb7.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="533" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u> <br /><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">GAMBAR </span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">1. Organ diukur sebelum dipotong (3mm-5mm)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-lr-s2uZcjHw/UXEOzNcZszI/AAAAAAAAI8o/_JrwnZudS8A/s1600-h/image18.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="184" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Y0AwY281NKk/UXEO0FVGVKI/AAAAAAAAI8w/Pc0rO-iHl4Q/image_thumb8.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="244" /></span></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-HTO821k-M28/UXEO1X1UU0I/AAAAAAAAI84/4qljIJlSmY0/s1600-h/image21.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="183" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-SxI2kZiG0S0/UXEO2H6anRI/AAAAAAAAI9A/66_xXbNnPfc/image_thumb9.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="244" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">1. Pemotongan tisu </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-9LryGl_D-JY/UXEO3XOCvgI/AAAAAAAAI9I/V4CUHWl0Y28/s1600-h/image24.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="169" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-0IV7_kPr0wc/UXEO4b2EEnI/AAAAAAAAI9Q/5HISmwrDl3c/image_thumb10.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="244" /></span></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-fUuabnyrjIk/UXEO5bz9nJI/AAAAAAAAI9Y/VmL-0qGWVKE/s1600-h/image27.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="201" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-RwKW3XB0PX8/UXEO7JTUGxI/AAAAAAAAI9g/Cwq2I4UOl7U/image_thumb11.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="244" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>1.0 </b><b><u>PEMPROSESAN TISU </u></b></span></div>
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Proses pemprosesan tisu merupakan langkah penting dalam proses </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">penyendiaan tisu histopatologi. Terdapat empat proses dalam </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">pemprosesan tisu iatu Dehidrasi, Permbersihan, Impregnasi Dan Embedding.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">RADAS/BAHAN </span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">I. Botol universal , forcep</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">II. Larutan alcohol 70% , 95% , 100%</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">III. Larutan xylene </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">IV. Lilin paraffin</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">V. Mesin penanaman , moulder, kaset tisu</span></div>
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">KAEDAH</span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">dilakuak pemprosesan tisu dengan merendam tisu yang fi fiksasikan ke </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">dalam larutan dlam jadual di bawah :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="209"><span style="font-size: medium;">BOTOL</span></td> <td valign="top" width="210"><span style="font-size: medium;">LARUTAN </span></td> <td valign="top" width="208"><span style="font-size: medium;">MASA (JAM )</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="209"><span style="font-size: medium;">1</span></td> <td valign="top" width="210"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alkohol</span></td> <td valign="top" width="208"><span style="font-size: medium;">½</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="209"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></td> <td valign="top" width="210"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alkohol</span></td> <td valign="top" width="208"><span style="font-size: medium;">½</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="209"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></td> <td valign="top" width="210"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alkohol</span></td> <td valign="top" width="208"><span style="font-size: medium;">½</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="209"><span style="font-size: medium;">4</span></td> <td valign="top" width="210"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alkohol</span></td> <td valign="top" width="208"><span style="font-size: medium;">1</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="209"><span style="font-size: medium;">5</span></td> <td valign="top" width="210"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alkohol</span></td> <td valign="top" width="208"><span style="font-size: medium;">1</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="209"><span style="font-size: medium;">6</span></td> <td valign="top" width="210"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alkohol</span></td> <td valign="top" width="208"><span style="font-size: medium;">1</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="209"><span style="font-size: medium;">7</span></td> <td valign="top" width="210"><span style="font-size: medium;">Xylene</span></td> <td valign="top" width="208"><span style="font-size: medium;">1</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="209"><span style="font-size: medium;">8</span></td> <td valign="top" width="210"><span style="font-size: medium;">Xylene</span></td> <td valign="top" width="208"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 464px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="462"><div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-6uZyit7k2yM/UXEO8dXomVI/AAAAAAAAI9o/M9pgYDRnmv0/s1600-h/clip_image0026.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image002" border="0" height="40" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-sX5U98rE93Q/UXEO9xMcKeI/AAAAAAAAI9w/M4bxw-gxbxc/clip_image002_thumb1.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image002" width="40" /></span></a></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="462"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Dilakukan impregnasi dengan merendam dalam lilin paraffin (5jam )</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="462"><div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-ttkffA4Yj4k/UXEO_Np6byI/AAAAAAAAI94/tpyLFC1Rrvw/s1600-h/clip_image00384.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image003[8]" border="0" height="40" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-BDR7Gwm3r-o/UXEPAqFZfhI/AAAAAAAAI-A/d-7tZvhkRJA/clip_image0038_thumb1.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image003[8]" width="40" /></span></a></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="462"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Dijalankan proses penanman tisu dengan mengunakan mesin penanaman</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="462"><div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-OJP7gcGYwso/UXEPCPh81LI/AAAAAAAAI-I/NY4BXDPmm9w/s1600-h/clip_image00394.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image003[9]" border="0" height="40" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-eRYSmoX6FvA/UXEPDu5WHyI/AAAAAAAAI-Q/cxuhYK5h8jU/clip_image0039_thumb1.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image003[9]" width="40" /></span></a></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="462"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">di bekukan blok tisu sebelum menjalankan proses pemotongan</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">GAMBAR </span></u></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">Proses impregnasi </span></u></b></div>
</td> <td valign="top" width="200"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">Proses penanaman tisu</span></u></b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-jz1xechdJbM/UXEPF3R7M3I/AAAAAAAAI-Y/xHvzwo2EsRI/s1600-h/image30.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="188" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-7bGi-hB2F74/UXEPH7lj4AI/AAAAAAAAI-g/9deNAuHA0Wg/image_thumb12.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="244" /></span></a></td> <td valign="top" width="200"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-BF104CjvLf0/UXEPJVtulAI/AAAAAAAAI-o/Vdby-JUP3qs/s1600-h/clip_image00274.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image002[7]" border="0" height="191" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-MV6W_KZQSWw/UXEPKR8uILI/AAAAAAAAI-w/XT0ngujdiDc/clip_image0027_thumb1.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image002[7]" width="240" /></span></a></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>1.0 </b><b><u>PENANAMAN BLOK TISU </u></b></span></div>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Proses penanaman tisu merupakan satu proses untuk menyediakan </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">tisu dalam bentuk blok tisu bagi memudahkan proses pemotongan .</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">RADAS/ BAHAN </span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">I. tisu yang telah diimpregnasikan dalam lilin paraffin </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">II. Imbedding center , coolin unit</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">KAEDAH </span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-n0vObjeEvaw/UXEUadtz9fI/AAAAAAAAI-4/4O1bLoeQFbQ/s1600-h/image34.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="image" border="0" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Z4XFMRkhS24/UXEUbC1iQnI/AAAAAAAAI_A/SiHVjYbmqIY/image_thumb14.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-width: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">GAMBAR</span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-da0RF-2ageE/UXEUefwFimI/AAAAAAAAI_I/6M_lAx7sW9s/s1600-h/image39.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="609" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-kq6VDcFJhrg/UXEUhOvmgEI/AAAAAAAAI_Q/67VGwnrTMbw/image_thumb17.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="505" /></span></a></div>
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr> <td width="299"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>1.0 </b><b><u>COOLING </u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Merupakan proses untuk memberikan kekerasan yang konsisten pada </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">blok tisu sebelum pemotongan. Serta mempercepatkan pengerasn lilin paraffin.</span><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">KAEDAH</span></u></b><br />
<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-uDPrY_RUX60/UXEUjBDRoLI/AAAAAAAAI_Y/mr1_ZXbn03s/s1600-h/clip_image003142.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image003[14]" border="0" height="400" hspace="40" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-v-G0I2mmIuo/UXEUj0gNR6I/AAAAAAAAI_g/84NwHgqTjTk/clip_image00314_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image003[14]" width="306" /></span></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Selepas proses penaman tisu , moulder di alih ke tisu cooling </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">unit untuk pengerasn blok tisu</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td width="209"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td></td> <td><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-opvwr_IyJvA/UXEUkKO1waI/AAAAAAAAI_k/Y0_L_-tGQUc/s1600-h/clip_image0043.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image004" border="0" height="40" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Kms_iPkbmmY/UXEUkifClNI/AAAAAAAAI_w/YRPCfy7HCUc/clip_image004_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image004" width="41" /></span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Dibiarkan mengeras selama 15 minit ,</span></div>
<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Loe3WVPCabM/UXEUlRpHSQI/AAAAAAAAI_4/jdXOnRjmCbY/s1600-h/clip_image00582.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a><b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></u></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-gK1h940ueyY/UXEUl1X16nI/AAAAAAAAJAA/igj1koofp88/clip_image0058_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="clip_image005[8]" border="0" height="39" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-gK1h940ueyY/UXEUl1X16nI/AAAAAAAAJAA/igj1koofp88/clip_image0058_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-width: 0px; cursor: move; display: inline; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image005[8]" width="41" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;">Selepas blok tisu betul-betul keras dipisahkan blok dari mouder</span><br />
<br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">BLOK TISU </span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Fei6f2zWvaA/UXEUmfJF3RI/AAAAAAAAJAI/p8Lj0CKng7M/s1600-h/clip_image00772.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image007[7]" border="0" height="338" hspace="12" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-CMl9R3nyQnQ/UXEUnG_0rpI/AAAAAAAAJAQ/XQh4PMDrYJQ/clip_image0077_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image007[7]" width="400" /></span></a><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">masalah yang terdapat pada tisu :</span></u></b><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">a) Pembentukan dwi-lapisan : ini berlaku lilin dibiarkan mengeras </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">lama ketika proses penanaman</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">b) Pembentukan warna keputihan pada blok tisu : disebabkab oleh </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">penyejukan pelahan dan tidak seragam</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">c) Bahagian terdapat bahagian yang lembut : disebabkan oleh </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">penyejukan yang tidak serangam</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">d) Permukaan blok yang tidak sekata : disebabkan oleh pengunaan </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">moudel yang tidak bersih , memyebabkan masih lagi terdapat lilin </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">paraffin dan semasa proses penyejukan atas cooling unit yang tidak </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">sekata.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>1.0 </b><b><u>MIKROTOM </u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Proses pemotongan dengam mengunakana microtom adalah </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">bertujuan untuk menghasilakn hirisan potongan tisu yang </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">bersaiz 3-5 µ, Seterusnya section tisu diletakkan di atas slaid </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">bagi proses perwarnaan.mikrotom adalah alat yang direka untuk </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">memotong tisu secara seragam untu dilihat dibawah mikroskop. </span><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">RADAS/BAHAN</span></u></b><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">I. blok tisu paraffin yang telah disedia</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">II. mikrotom , pisau mikrotom , waterbath (tetap suhu air pada -60<sup>o</sup>C</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">III. serbuk albumin</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">IV. thermal unit, oven(tetap suhu pada 50-60<sup>o</sup>C</span><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">KAEDAH</span></u></b><br />
<b><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-QsIx9NOUUvA/UXEUnoy055I/AAAAAAAAJAY/0EZjx5l_QtU/s1600-h/clip_image003162.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-QsIx9NOUUvA/UXEUnoy055I/AAAAAAAAJAg/slrHR3Btbgg/s1600-h/clip_image00316%25255B2%25255D.gif"><img alt="clip_image003[16]" border="0" height="482" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-qwlz1a5yhkA/UXEUo-lKiJI/AAAAAAAAJAk/zjfOZD_JtWE/clip_image00316_thumb%25255B2%25255D.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image003[16]" width="521" /></a></span></b><b><u></u></b><br />
<b><u><sub><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></sub></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">GAMBAR</span></u></b><br />
<b><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-qkWnKgN7V-Y/UXEUplGhq3I/AAAAAAAAJAs/sr0MHqY-uDk/s1600-h/clip_image0063.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-qkWnKgN7V-Y/UXEUplGhq3I/AAAAAAAAJA0/BhC6EH3UyU4/s1600-h/clip_image006%25255B3%25255D.gif"><img alt="clip_image006" border="0" height="641" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-srpR4hkMXLc/UXEUsDyM-1I/AAAAAAAAJA4/5STpLVJmsuk/clip_image006_thumb%25255B3%25255D.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image006" width="540" /></a></span></b><b></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>2.0 </b><b><u>PENGAMPUNGAN </u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Pengampungan section tisu berfungsi untuk menengangkan dan </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">meratakan section sebelum dilekatkan pada salaid. Section yang telah </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">dipotong dipindahkan ke dalam tissue floating bath. Tissue floating </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">bath biasanya mempunyai suhu air sekitar 45-60<sup>o</sup>C (2<sup>0</sup>C lebih rendah </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">daripada takat lebur lilin ) Selama 30-60 saat. Pencingan boleh </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">dilakukan seterusnnya.</span><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">KAEDAH </span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-ZGu4vKeJrjw/UXEUs8Mb0AI/AAAAAAAAJBA/33tM5kW7mpc/s1600-h/clip_image0083.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-ZGu4vKeJrjw/UXEUs8Mb0AI/AAAAAAAAJBI/YGJ4rsh4p-E/s1600-h/clip_image008%25255B1%25255D.gif"><img alt="clip_image008" border="0" height="441" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-EDI-FjgrrT4/UXEUuCQZIhI/AAAAAAAAJBM/HA8A15IlFk0/clip_image008_thumb%25255B1%25255D.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image008" width="560" /></a></span></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">GAMBAR </span></u></b><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-4yMXF6XbXpg/UXEUu2vT-zI/AAAAAAAAJBU/V0qfVMYk-p8/s1600-h/clip_image0103.gif"><img alt="clip_image010" border="0" height="187" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-O9vfisaDLfs/UXEUvZ9vCAI/AAAAAAAAJBc/VBG22abKI2g/clip_image010_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image010" width="233" /></a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: medium;">Pemindahan section pada tissue floating bath</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-size: medium;">2. Proses pemancingan section (fishing )</span><br />
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-u5mvxAs12y4/UXEUwIZqN6I/AAAAAAAAJBk/4WOs8TkxnK8/s1600-h/clip_image0123.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image012" border="0" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijWASSGD2WVjrvWBeqvk_-os60GRSJNDb1Za1qAq6kiTYoivy9QSQj1SJ2bZ8sVlZ6L_28O2Hb7mSePMURJc0bG5v9XlyAKSV3mASI0yqDS-lpMVh_A8vD-v8g2QjnR22lPHKkMyXMoSw/?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-width: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image012" width="400" /></span></a><b></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">3. Pengeringan section dalam oven , suhu 60oC selama ½ jam</span><br />
<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-cIqNQs42OXw/UXEUxQrLY6I/AAAAAAAAJB0/2Wktoh0UTmQ/s1600-h/clip_image0143.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image014" border="0" height="199" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-EWzXNGPeTlA/UXEUx1W5XRI/AAAAAAAAJB8/kthKbMdpyvA/clip_image014_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image014" width="240" /></span></a><b><u></u></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>3.0 </b><b><u>PENGERINGAN DALAM OVEN</u></b></span><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Sectiona tisu yang telah diletakkan pada slaid perlu di </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">keringkan bagi mengeluarkan air , lebiham lilin dan juga </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">memastikan lekatan tisu pada slaid adalah baik. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Ini dilakukan dengan meletakkan slaid tisu di dalam oven pada </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">suhu 45<sup>0</sup>c-60<sup>0</sup>c selama lebih ½ jam . selepas itu, Slaid boleh </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">dikeluarkan dan bersedia untuk prose perwarnaan .</span><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">KAEDAH </span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-HaWvYlWDK9s/UXEUybRKSZI/AAAAAAAAJCE/xsqARH7pkdY/s1600-h/clip_image0163.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-HaWvYlWDK9s/UXEUybRKSZI/AAAAAAAAJCM/H69wwWdfqZg/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B1%25255D.gif"><img alt="clip_image016" border="0" height="212" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-zpWONE2qxBo/UXEU0F6vjqI/AAAAAAAAJCQ/6Jlg9ju8a8s/clip_image016_thumb%25255B1%25255D.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image016" width="509" /></a></span></b><b><u></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">GAMBAR</span></u></b><br />
<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-NKTPGrJoHvs/UXEU0rpPa4I/AAAAAAAAJCY/7QNfj2syZFI/s1600-h/clip_image0183.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image018" border="0" height="173" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-xcS1Qfrh0M4/UXEU1PpwhVI/AAAAAAAAJCg/ChGusEkWN9E/clip_image018_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image018" width="240" /></span></a><b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></u></b><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-sHS23RbkaAI/UXEU154vtOI/AAAAAAAAJCo/ljM4olpCcP8/s1600-h/clip_image0203.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image020" border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhQln8AAKdMItwCunby5UI4NmIls1lWlnag_HzviBzE27uj9l8ZJlTCKo2AUlkmbDU6U9Zc_KMdRRIUvs__IqZf2opAMmAOektXtfktwOPPS2l7SuSYz2VLTy5yqFg5cOMuIjHAVTfYiw/?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image020" width="240" /></span></a><b><u></u></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>4.0 </b><b><u>PERWARNAAN H&E </u></b></span><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Perwarnaan hematoxylin dan eosin (H&E) adalah dianggap </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">perwarnaan universal kerana dapat mewrnkana hamper </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">semua struktur histology dan digunkan secara meluas dalam bidang </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">histology</span><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">RADAS /BAHAN </span></u></b><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">I. Copping Jar , Forcep , Coverslip , DPX</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">II. Alcohol 100%, 95% , 70%, Xylene </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">III. Air Paip</span><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">KAEDAH</span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-0BuApLu-mlg/UXEU3HrAKUI/AAAAAAAAJC4/3QoV8PkfKGo/s1600-h/clip_image0223.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-0BuApLu-mlg/UXEU3HrAKUI/AAAAAAAAJDA/R1HY2llMRhs/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B1%25255D.gif"><img alt="clip_image022" border="0" height="580" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-mdpaUyWnhRo/UXEU4P_KdyI/AAAAAAAAJDE/9fK86gXGKeM/clip_image022_thumb%25255B1%25255D.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image022" width="570" /></a></span></b><b><u></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">GAMBAR </span></u></b><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">· Dilakukan perwarnaan H&E</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <b><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-rf8di079Vlk/UXEU42XYEZI/AAAAAAAAJDM/QbkPII4qzSI/s1600-h/clip_image0263.gif"><img alt="clip_image026" border="0" height="180" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-8Kow9l2xCTo/UXEU5WMO4kI/AAAAAAAAJDQ/7Tx7OWDbQoo/clip_image026_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image026" width="240" /></a></b><b><u></u></b></span><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">KEPUTUSAN </span></u></b><br />
<b><u><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-S9pWASY_n-8/UXEU6Kp2BnI/AAAAAAAAJDY/8Z7J72ExnBc/s1600-h/clip_image0283.jpg"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image028" border="0" height="301" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-zWxXAs6SWOg/UXEU67HHYBI/AAAAAAAAJDg/NX-HQBNDKyk/clip_image028_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image028" width="400" /></span></a></u></b><b><u></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">Slaid ginjal</span></u></b><br />
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Lc1m4AJtDfM/UXEU754jamI/AAAAAAAAJDo/bdbwjc7APKo/s1600-h/clip_image0303.jpg"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image030" border="0" height="306" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-arv8xakAr9Q/UXEU8QaNA5I/AAAAAAAAJDw/7g7DWfhQNMc/clip_image030_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image030" width="400" /></span></a><b><u></u></b><br />
<br />
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-BWAqUZH5gIA/UXEU8-8H6aI/AAAAAAAAJD4/AOt22zJLrz0/s1600-h/clip_image0323.jpg"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image032" border="0" height="313" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-yj4Am7d4_V4/UXEU9uwXEWI/AAAAAAAAJEA/EkKJNP9FRq4/clip_image032_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border-width: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image032" width="400" /></span></a><b><u></u></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>5.0 </b><b><u>MOUNTING </u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">adlaha teknik yang dilakukan selepas proses perwarnaan dimana slaid yang tekah diwarnakan akan dilekatkan dengan sisisp kaca mengaunakan media pelekatan seperti DXP .Bertujuan untuk melindungi section tisu supaya bertahan lama, memberikan kekemasan slaid tisu yang diwarnakan dan memyediakan permukaan lutsinar/transparent apabila di lihat di bawah mikroskop cahaya</span><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">KAEDAH</span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-q95ehClet3s/UXEU-DMbUUI/AAAAAAAAJEI/gtOHH-GwopU/s1600-h/clip_image0344.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-q95ehClet3s/UXEU-DMbUUI/AAAAAAAAJEQ/fXqZ_3HnZLA/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B2%25255D.gif"><img alt="clip_image034" border="0" height="328" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-TQok4v8F4uc/UXEU_Qc0tSI/AAAAAAAAJEU/aiC0uiE-dk4/clip_image034_thumb%25255B1%25255D.gif?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="clip_image034" width="528" /></a></span></b><b><u></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;">GAMBAR</span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></u></b><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-hG4Lg-YZ_vY/UXEVAH6Hb3I/AAAAAAAAJEc/gz1rz9_YP10/s1600-h/image42.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-hG4Lg-YZ_vY/UXEVAH6Hb3I/AAAAAAAAJEo/CHBPFDmcmjI/s1600-h/image40%25255B1%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" height="116" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-cDd-3fE5smk/UXEVBuIPMQI/AAAAAAAAJEs/J2jCj1iHaXw/image40_thumb.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="450" /></a></span></td> <td></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-86683847540526384722013-04-19T02:24:00.001-07:002013-04-19T02:24:26.855-07:00KANSER USUS BESAR (KOLON)<p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdNmiHPeQnAqGXnl21vr9chwzr52Xf5FvZiyRlzZf0Q09rCUJF6C5jIR2UOEXLd6NWHOz7ehhD-OGDtAXlcGAfN0pjw7cAaYs1v1u-IwaCXJumZFeH2qPRq2W4B695Z808Y2zz9TZg520/s1600-h/image5.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-D3ydJ5rL1_k/UXEM_Kz_kGI/AAAAAAAAI4A/og6w7O6lhe0/image_thumb1.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="168" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-XVkTb8_9CRY/UXEM_7GhC9I/AAAAAAAAI4I/ysXBKQjP6OE/s1600-h/image8.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-h9R8vp-bOP4/UXENAaUEOiI/AAAAAAAAI4Q/Bufgg83pqYM/image_thumb2.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="168" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-1_lSA7ugrsU/UXENBMmFMbI/AAAAAAAAI4Y/bW1WA4zoFLE/s1600-h/image11.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-eF8VdDIRCm8/UXENB-JgC7I/AAAAAAAAI4g/CrrvOTyJ5Fg/image_thumb3.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="168" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-45ZLb6fZtaI/UXENHPgYniI/AAAAAAAAI4o/PH2a6JF8lBg/s1600-h/image14.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-5XmfnbIK-XU/UXENIGgnlzI/AAAAAAAAI4w/Yl_2RlfQkDI/image_thumb4.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="165" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-sZ8HyR3MC5s/UXENIoALFnI/AAAAAAAAI44/e0Enl_ogX5E/s1600-h/image17.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-3E3Hb8K7IEo/UXENJH9XjkI/AAAAAAAAI5A/n7IcijFgaY0/image_thumb5.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="169" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-BmkBkcSDpDM/UXENJ0nZDMI/AAAAAAAAI5I/IyRy3GCbMsQ/s1600-h/image20.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-fY-OCE_GDUI/UXENKehxyGI/AAAAAAAAI5Q/AMpJBX5KLPM/image_thumb6.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="167" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-FLfoUQHqLwE/UXENLBfm6UI/AAAAAAAAI5Y/K3e-lJgxVbM/s1600-h/image23.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-KcV1xxqSEwQ/UXENMBjdz6I/AAAAAAAAI5g/5v6dIamqaU8/image_thumb7.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="169" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-yIGcHCFlphA/UXENMukJIPI/AAAAAAAAI5o/T_OEClPr-mY/s1600-h/image26.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Aj3mp1zL0kM/UXENNdos7lI/AAAAAAAAI5w/iQYSft4SU1s/image_thumb8.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="183" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-a746L3LxmDM/UXENN1ciIbI/AAAAAAAAI54/5YoMzwo-b6M/s1600-h/image29.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-QpXNOIo73fc/UXENPrscruI/AAAAAAAAI6A/iUlx4NOB2sY/image_thumb9.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="169" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-dFVhsqVvcSc/UXENQ__gtmI/AAAAAAAAI6I/HioUyaVkro0/s1600-h/image32.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-JW0qqN1UwKo/UXENSddYqHI/AAAAAAAAI6Q/HI2KgJbzwaY/image_thumb10.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="169" /></a></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-37107401997435410462013-04-19T02:22:00.001-07:002013-04-19T02:22:21.585-07:00KANSER PANGKAL RAHIM (SERVIK)<p><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-o5GExwY-JGA/UTlzeIaWYSI/AAAAAAAAFhU/QhLquiVgZFo/s1600-h/image2.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-rdo7Q5jR5rg/UTl0U0T7OTI/AAAAAAAAFhc/7R0PPdDCkqI/image_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="161" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-3B8Xh4wXF1E/UXEMOqeY8yI/AAAAAAAAIzY/_c3JAL3WKYg/s1600-h/image5.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-kgfRvAXV2Qw/UXEMPbv-DEI/AAAAAAAAIzg/RNVHVTjf2Rw/image_thumb1.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="171" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-eGmzynv6ttI/UXEMQDlaA0I/AAAAAAAAIzo/Ne2nD0F4b9k/s1600-h/image8.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-fIVvRJSl32Y/UXEMRT3hh6I/AAAAAAAAIzw/c8lfe9RllPI/image_thumb2.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="177" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-mJ89fb8LZTA/UXEMR9Lr0-I/AAAAAAAAIz4/1sSz8LMEvkk/s1600-h/image11.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-uDHDkocAfLE/UXEMSrsNgII/AAAAAAAAI0A/0Aw4ndloNkw/image_thumb3.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="168" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-abbRhnAVsIU/UXEMTNtr5SI/AAAAAAAAI0I/hbOQqP6U5hY/s1600-h/image14.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-IvlzgN0BB24/UXEMTyvif6I/AAAAAAAAI0Q/me4quJ9X21E/image_thumb4.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="171" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-8L-3McCOBn8/UXEMVdzkX-I/AAAAAAAAI0Y/ONLqAR3UUFE/s1600-h/image17.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-HvYGbl2yokQ/UXEMWKKW8GI/AAAAAAAAI0g/kBDiKFpYqJY/image_thumb5.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="163" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-njDwOEavXpw/UXEMWsidAuI/AAAAAAAAI0o/BZGceUZ8MOI/s1600-h/image20.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-i1QKZbHxmA0/UXEMXQpImKI/AAAAAAAAI0w/yvh3jK5Qva0/image_thumb6.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="167" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-I5ZIxHpN_No/UXEMXxLZocI/AAAAAAAAI04/lMtemQJC304/s1600-h/image23.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-qP8yXBvgyFw/UXEMYqvMDFI/AAAAAAAAI1A/dRaNhMSooKA/image_thumb7.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="167" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-MfbpaJMJa-o/UXEMZFcyONI/AAAAAAAAI1I/QZ4dFlE9qPM/s1600-h/image26.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-bKTSjBm22J4/UXEMaO_Fb1I/AAAAAAAAI1Q/UNSnlSeTDVY/image_thumb8.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="165" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-ftAv4z_B34o/UXEMahhaVbI/AAAAAAAAI1Y/Smr0QtPE24M/s1600-h/image29.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-un_0VWxNdaM/UXEMbWpNLLI/AAAAAAAAI1g/lF7e9UXPRdk/image_thumb9.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="165" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-wtSz_U6sEGQ/UXEMde7o9JI/AAAAAAAAI1o/RxRSD0osZPY/s1600-h/image32.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-D_81jV8SOJE/UXEMeNP3pgI/AAAAAAAAI1w/RsshKVeQiiw/image_thumb10.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="172" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Egq8Km_YhA4/UXEMfJldDGI/AAAAAAAAI14/fn8_vvYelQM/s1600-h/image35.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-qTjth9cVNFk/UXEMfjSXJVI/AAAAAAAAI2A/Azyqd1PTAkw/image_thumb11.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="169" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-oM-Lnb3BWes/UXEMgZruqXI/AAAAAAAAI2I/UoHOVEcx5so/s1600-h/image38.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-CUOFGkoZ7vM/UXEMhNKvWBI/AAAAAAAAI2M/QN_f2D1aI8I/image_thumb12.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="165" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-5ZLAzKH7COk/UXEMhx9_dqI/AAAAAAAAI2Y/gKQY86Frz5Y/s1600-h/image41.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-69JjaS_mf_c/UXEMinvnSMI/AAAAAAAAI2g/yevEDkd22cs/image_thumb13.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="164" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-oc0fNM1c0Os/UXEMjJabtzI/AAAAAAAAI2o/7Ym4FCCK9gY/s1600-h/image44.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-AAYBloGNxYA/UXEMjgK9ncI/AAAAAAAAI2w/p8cug7adzQg/image_thumb14.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="167" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-G4vo-UQ_NDs/UXEMkUZ81RI/AAAAAAAAI24/YO0OXSrINbo/s1600-h/image47.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ZY9ddz0f7tY/UXEMlH6LzoI/AAAAAAAAI3A/zX-BSVXaWHI/image_thumb15.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="164" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-hrM5Q6YDTps/UXEMm7Dbx_I/AAAAAAAAI3I/AnJ3PIYH7-o/s1600-h/image50.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ThlmHD9sYMg/UXEMosKnwtI/AAAAAAAAI3Q/Oz3G8p0KVdI/image_thumb16.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="164" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-4IUk8yW0kXg/UXEMquhEAJI/AAAAAAAAI3Y/mucWvr3noUk/s1600-h/image53.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-j41ENVjukX4/UXEMtE23knI/AAAAAAAAI3g/yacmn2azx80/image_thumb17.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="161" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-4hv9o0WTfGM/UXEMu4HGGeI/AAAAAAAAI3o/WMVwTzulnao/s1600-h/image56.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-P038dUQGx3c/UXEMyncAM7I/AAAAAAAAI3w/2tWJ8Jt-XAY/image_thumb18.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="173" /></a></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-61925746984942188042013-04-19T02:18:00.001-07:002013-04-19T02:18:56.863-07:00HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV)<p><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-ds61qXRdI6Q/UXELlSN7bqI/AAAAAAAAIxo/XgOwZv22KxQ/s1600-h/image2.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-DXG82mHh2oM/UXELmCte4iI/AAAAAAAAIxw/wsRB4myInwI/image_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="169" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-v9T12AlHCA8/UXELmiGPauI/AAAAAAAAIx4/nFw_Fqx1GUs/s1600-h/image5.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-AE1ZcDNPQa0/UXELnPitzOI/AAAAAAAAIyA/GuZBkb_Ma6w/image_thumb1.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="130" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-idOPZUMxiHs/UXELorpG4gI/AAAAAAAAIyI/Jp_4h3qRqtw/s1600-h/image8.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-lWsXjEgDYQY/UXELr8YBcjI/AAAAAAAAIyQ/MbHAu9_Wj6w/image_thumb2.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="183" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-QMvCCD-969M/UXELw0vDIPI/AAAAAAAAIyY/QiIUS9lZwgo/s1600-h/image11.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-SDnak_MnMp0/UXELxzMB_qI/AAAAAAAAIyg/fVr5mOzv7Gw/image_thumb3.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="169" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-t3SIpuvgpFc/UXEL1ckq8nI/AAAAAAAAIyo/-T5Gr39k74E/s1600-h/image14.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-X1O37svERzI/UXEL2usRB2I/AAAAAAAAIyw/SX8KBCuRnAs/image_thumb4.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="176" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-UAjo24pzsDQ/UXEL6fjsSAI/AAAAAAAAIy4/ZD92pBni3K4/s1600-h/image17.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-gc1m1OxaFzg/UXEL7VrAncI/AAAAAAAAIzA/0ELBYSR7Pus/image_thumb5.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="191" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-qk1Z1W_1Nws/UXEL8mA_e6I/AAAAAAAAIzI/2bj_ErMs4mk/s1600-h/image20.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-DPvgzail7uY/UXEL_8C_fQI/AAAAAAAAIzQ/Z_kjwtGQLyc/image_thumb6.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="169" /></a></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-49298522291493107242013-04-19T02:16:00.001-07:002013-04-19T02:16:29.751-07:00HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)<p><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-AOfsTGnFqEU/UXEKwOq0R-I/AAAAAAAAIvI/EMzNFGLpcOI/s1600-h/image2.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-xd5O4nxhZ4c/UXEKwilflTI/AAAAAAAAIvQ/IL5NhtNCToM/image_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="165" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-JwnPqLmtDgE/UXEK0D1eqvI/AAAAAAAAIvY/KoUOEpuVNvs/s1600-h/image5.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-FNKCoevEfW4/UXEK1E6mm4I/AAAAAAAAIvg/pq1QA5KCMpI/image_thumb1.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="191" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ghdtAzHxk-g/UXEK3RFk6iI/AAAAAAAAIvo/XVl6rcU4kjQ/s1600-h/image8.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-bGFBlEZvkR4/UXEK4ez5oZI/AAAAAAAAIvw/8WQUbKRqHow/image_thumb2.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="190" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-UTkYNATYJtU/UXEK7m_JNHI/AAAAAAAAIv4/7XXV5xG0nSQ/s1600-h/image11.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-OaG-40PWxjI/UXEK8llXTxI/AAAAAAAAIwA/NXrFnOmiiWI/image_thumb3.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="184" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-c6P5u8KR4kA/UXELCuB_nAI/AAAAAAAAIwI/CQY9Lkab2jA/s1600-h/image14.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-qlPTeKDEWTM/UXELEuvzoEI/AAAAAAAAIwQ/xFTN3q6OeCw/image_thumb4.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="184" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-rzxTCrPrY7c/UXELF1RBOII/AAAAAAAAIwY/D2jmeEHVa60/s1600-h/image17.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-873k9uVrPGs/UXELH8ND0LI/AAAAAAAAIwg/nnRS-B_RkVI/image_thumb5.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="167" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ZaWBkkyriak/UXELK4BOIXI/AAAAAAAAIwo/_6OZI7MsdRo/s1600-h/image20.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-nEKiACglW3E/UXELLs0VNZI/AAAAAAAAIww/uz9unIy_s9Y/image_thumb6.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="172" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-HFDHKvQvpYE/UXELOHCupMI/AAAAAAAAIw4/iLzfNTbb1jM/s1600-h/image23.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-2jImKXpJDH4/UXELPfYuILI/AAAAAAAAIxA/GOB7BomowLc/image_thumb7.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="185" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-JIB-YbMHvfY/UXELXCm5xKI/AAAAAAAAIxI/Okz7761Aj44/s1600-h/image26.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-yeRsvs3ZUD0/UXELYgC6KjI/AAAAAAAAIxQ/mSRnh9d7DwA/image_thumb8.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="184" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-PoOcEZQvDSk/UXELaOSj6sI/AAAAAAAAIxY/_dwHP3yP1WM/s1600-h/image29.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-FQByb2IBh3o/UXELbHBzXPI/AAAAAAAAIxg/NnSmOxeRLgo/image_thumb9.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="189" /></a></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-86307955846744321812013-04-19T02:12:00.001-07:002013-04-19T02:12:42.593-07:00Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)<p><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-mAb9v7YRG4E/UXEKZm8iHNI/AAAAAAAAIuI/pHaW7_zlygk/s1600-h/image2.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-uaeWjNZS6qs/UXEKaAw_phI/AAAAAAAAIuQ/HYqoNq7wRZM/image_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="184" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-wUWsuQ114Xw/UXEKbE9_WVI/AAAAAAAAIuY/kzdkO9fxhKs/s1600-h/image5.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-E-31apawHfQ/UXEKcJgrOGI/AAAAAAAAIug/CONpW1z-fr0/image_thumb1.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="190" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Dlp68eDqNmM/UXEKfS8597I/AAAAAAAAIuo/iECJNEnHits/s1600-h/image8.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Uh_iJEecPh8/UXEKgeGGRKI/AAAAAAAAIuw/9NkcXyYxePY/image_thumb2.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="194" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-DyHiNQPKy6E/UXEKhu8LewI/AAAAAAAAIu4/DY5FVVMAThY/s1600-h/image11.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-USQ4iV0jwUE/UXEKiQUiTmI/AAAAAAAAIvA/GJU5q8DDx-I/image_thumb3.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="200" /></a></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-41812656592358517822013-04-19T02:11:00.001-07:002013-04-19T02:11:13.593-07:00TEKNIK DIAGNOSIS KANSER PAYUDARA JENIS KARSINOMA DUKTUL INFILTRASI<p><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-YX3OkPNWDW0/UXEJXy8EziI/AAAAAAAAIpE/svpQ24WYWAI/s1600-h/image2.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-g3Px4IMH2Gg/UXEJYh_zY5I/AAAAAAAAIpM/ZfPfsd5lN10/image_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="200" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-oJfwq_ahy8k/UXEJZYNeK5I/AAAAAAAAIpU/uVqmfn1Qt8Y/s1600-h/image5.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ahgsao3d2Ng/UXEJaSYC-oI/AAAAAAAAIpc/bZc2Ej2JkrM/image_thumb1.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="187" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-dzh7G_wLYp0/UXEJbCPU3lI/AAAAAAAAIpk/JYT32ixcpWM/s1600-h/image8.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-KiELVWuEFp4/UXEJbrhNTdI/AAAAAAAAIps/f10Nvo_1V7A/image_thumb2.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="202" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/--_FeEbK8m4M/UXEJeoqqg3I/AAAAAAAAIp0/nUx7fnJDcw4/s1600-h/image11.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-zwSXJxAPWeg/UXEJgLM_RfI/AAAAAAAAIp8/mFeSvoKg4Oo/image_thumb3.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="173" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-5q7i2GxWVmA/UXEJj-79mgI/AAAAAAAAIqE/mKS_mFbHMsg/s1600-h/image14.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-hvWWglICQ5w/UXEJk3sm0LI/AAAAAAAAIqM/BPrsCGGLqiA/image_thumb4.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="189" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-4Ty2va2IWWc/UXEJlmoLz-I/AAAAAAAAIqU/_0ObNUuMlTs/s1600-h/image17.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ro-h5hBt_TA/UXEJmXBeQEI/AAAAAAAAIqc/mPvZgRVbrXw/image_thumb5.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="190" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-hUpfRgEcQvY/UXEJnMKq3RI/AAAAAAAAIqk/2BfEz_xZbZQ/s1600-h/image20.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-9Ooy2pXnltk/UXEJnvACwfI/AAAAAAAAIqs/kHs9mK2I1U4/image_thumb6.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="196" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-tN_s4aa1sJU/UXEJomTQuUI/AAAAAAAAIq0/y9RoATBAFOk/s1600-h/image23.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-7wX1pPozpA0/UXEJpRzludI/AAAAAAAAIq8/23T58tXGoHA/image_thumb7.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="178" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-2eaJiaKj-6w/UXEJqRoWR5I/AAAAAAAAIrE/FfKXHqFa0yk/s1600-h/image26.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; 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padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-1mDQHe_xRws/UXEJ4l7fq_I/AAAAAAAAIss/MJTxgOJhTJc/image_thumb14.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="185" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-vLGIsAPwRNc/UXEJ6lIiTeI/AAAAAAAAIs0/1kRRwCJ3Gm8/s1600-h/image47.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKNBMDj1btzoeiQejStlZFraWNKM-04sfWMl5smaL1KKR6brr06kLsE8dxZO1shpqGsmy7Zs77PSJWm3fUhvLM4GFdJBFM-fb2wRvmWPvdkjDneikM04GGQkaoUPR3pXZMxvtCCpylIhA/?imgmax=800" width="244" height="192" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-rA5CabaftIM/UXEJ983ZA5I/AAAAAAAAItE/ueIdGHsdMOI/s1600-h/image50.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; 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border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-zc_kbbmBLDM/UXEKKKtdBpI/AAAAAAAAIts/VxaY4LwsbHY/image_thumb18.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="236" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-BLl_BRtpAX0/UXEKKw_MpuI/AAAAAAAAIt0/QziaZ4xJ-AM/s1600-h/image59.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-FpddYDbyorQ/UXEKL6rzYVI/AAAAAAAAIuA/cCDgw9gaFlo/image_thumb19.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="175" /></a></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-62551578012090387162013-04-19T01:57:00.001-07:002013-04-19T01:57:36.225-07:00Teknik-teknik pengenalpastian Treponema pallidum<p><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-4Hc-cMhSvUw/UXEGlRaLbOI/AAAAAAAAImE/6FBo6AgFY7U/s1600-h/image40.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-tAyxGpLa8Nc/UXEGmXwukBI/AAAAAAAAImM/s1AlWCLec7Y/image_thumb16.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="184" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-kYS3zUZeKfU/UXEGnKv6U_I/AAAAAAAAImU/cFcX-hRMm-U/s1600-h/image5.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-HXIAoLMh5Ec/UXEGn4mq9oI/AAAAAAAAImc/zWpL_V-SUa8/image_thumb1.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="184" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-OzdxWwz3S60/UXEGr7e84gI/AAAAAAAAImk/UJrXfJX7PFE/s1600-h/image8.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Gu6mC3n0bR8/UXEGslg10UI/AAAAAAAAIms/VFmUeQy1jr4/image_thumb2.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="183" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-nHTb5HK_Z-I/UXEGt08wjdI/AAAAAAAAIm0/4Oq7ZCl5eXY/s1600-h/image11.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-_CTY9NXt33A/UXEGyvjf6cI/AAAAAAAAIm8/2NmiWWm9i7w/image_thumb3.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="187" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-TjKWlCkG1Rs/UXEGz4h5UKI/AAAAAAAAInE/YtBiFoephg0/s1600-h/image14.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; 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border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-YiB7jZOJ3AQ/UXEG-BjwgQI/AAAAAAAAIos/sOrYEmP2R84/image_thumb10.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="178" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-swzCGNIyFFg/UXEG-yOgoCI/AAAAAAAAIo0/Lf1LwRZqj9I/s1600-h/image35.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-1k9lLeWpurM/UXEG_onsjNI/AAAAAAAAIo8/c_YZA_7V2SQ/image_thumb11.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="170" /></a></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-17022517421388043692013-04-19T01:55:00.001-07:002013-04-19T01:55:03.227-07:00Teknik Pengenalpastian Bakteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa dalam Sampel Sputum<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-21r4POO_wts/UXEF2siaCzI/AAAAAAAAIh0/W52bfD2Cdfw/s1600-h/image2.png"><img style="background-image: none; 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border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-ZZaFLGgUsAg/UXEGVtCMMPI/AAAAAAAAIlc/N5ee5KHZRH0/image_thumb14.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="103" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-BBMwYB2jm2A/UXEGXIYqWwI/AAAAAAAAIlk/N7PkDNqCqXk/s1600-h/image47.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-uWu9YCnnZlc/UXEGX3py35I/AAAAAAAAIls/b9dL6GNJP84/image_thumb15.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="225" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-H4g-PW2P7x4/UXEGYiS66LI/AAAAAAAAIl0/cYmfG19Y_-Q/s1600-h/image50.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-3_3NhR1t8ZA/UXEGZSVqnwI/AAAAAAAAIl8/qJDCAAhCXsc/image_thumb16.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="187" /></a></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-54725604674948375482013-04-19T01:51:00.001-07:002013-04-19T01:51:09.997-07:00INFEKSI VIRUS : Virus Influenza<p><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-CA1nLGn8jSI/UXEFTUs-V2I/AAAAAAAAIgE/xybxG9REVVo/s1600-h/image2.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-kKlgJqbJUSo/UXEFT5-LWAI/AAAAAAAAIgM/CVrPuf8422U/image_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="172" /></a><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-CSfFiEcH5wk/UXEFVqwgI3I/AAAAAAAAIgU/bRcwK7MxL-8/s1600-h/image5.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-_9W6buyQQ5s/UXEFWbUlaLI/AAAAAAAAIgc/V5CnKiXiOKo/image_thumb1.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="217" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-8NnFxp3ysvM/UXEFYKRvYhI/AAAAAAAAIgk/bJFWy42PxP0/s1600-h/image8.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-DXZ4gYAy4rk/UXEFYtd1U2I/AAAAAAAAIgs/qimuJWN8U_A/image_thumb2.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="185" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-2oOlQPOIS5M/UXEFZaJW_nI/AAAAAAAAIg0/dlS9FFTYRDk/s1600-h/image11.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-CwYkj-94FLU/UXEFaPGqUuI/AAAAAAAAIg8/u2xjWPt_8PI/image_thumb3.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="204" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-CKQ-dpqJjTs/UXEFbsCvjnI/AAAAAAAAIhE/V4F5gFeTP3o/s1600-h/image14.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-hfmd59CsR8c/UXEFceR21HI/AAAAAAAAIhM/F0hMh1YM9Hc/image_thumb4.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="177" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPHq2md3bkk6ru9-xJcXDPLMc59da2py-yx34y_rEHaNj6fn5DqJ9n6cJr0ZvpAZ1qqr-LnfddzcZsxpJzScbwbsmotKNOCVIzSWVwFZVScssVear2_kSfnitSXpWv9YWLmvr1jMHbnWA/s1600-h/image17.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-kI0jkyQVSUA/UXEFdoCgPsI/AAAAAAAAIhc/GkcNqMWQhE8/image_thumb5.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="172" /></a><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-IXjN9R_Xpzg/UXEFeTleXrI/AAAAAAAAIhk/fRLxp_atJOk/s1600-h/image20.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-3bpnPzvLzhk/UXEFfMEIMrI/AAAAAAAAIhs/P61qrZCU7gA/image_thumb6.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="169" /></a></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3675691434758446427.post-33648711889532874042013-04-13T16:07:00.001-07:002013-04-13T16:07:54.083-07:00DISFUNGSI GASTROUSUS<p> </p> <p><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-LOPBlTrfDpA/UWnhneQ1YGI/AAAAAAAAIbQ/eDoMUA1ZqoA/s1600-h/image5.png"><img style="background-image: none; 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display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-uwqpz1rkULY/UWnlMPIThDI/AAAAAAAAIfg/j12QUfTFdH8/image_thumb17.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="156" /></a><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-UOZSjG2VfoM/UWnlREZg1uI/AAAAAAAAIfo/yog-l1yMOHs/s1600-h/image56.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-3Fsu0LbVErw/UWnlSCwf8gI/AAAAAAAAIfw/hURpWu2kEI0/image_thumb18.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="191" /></a></p> no namehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05258634667316162824noreply@blogger.com